Flashcards in PSL301: Water 8 Deck (63)
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1
UREMIA
a raised level in the blood of urea and other nitrogenous waste compounds that are normally eliminated by the kidneys
= advanced kidney failure
2
clinical symptoms of uremia
- severe fatigue & weakness
- poor appetite, nausea, vomiting
- edema in feet, ankles
- itchy skin
- disturbed mental functions
3
Telltale biochemical marker of uremia
very high serum creatinine & urea levels (GFR < 10%)
4
What are the waste products excreted by urine?
mainly products of protein metabolism
- urea
- creatinine
- uric acid (urate)
many other small molecules excreted in small amounts
5
most abundant waste in urine
urea
6
amount of waste found in urine depends on...
how much protein is eaten
7
each urea has __ nitrogens
2
8
Waste products in urine are readily ____ and minimally ___
filtered;
reabsorbed
9
___ is generated from AA breakdown
ammonia
10
ammonia is highly...
toxic
11
to combat toxic effects of ammonia, it is converted to ___ in the ____. This is then excreted in the urine.
urea;
liver
12
steps of urea generation from ammonia
1. ammonia + CO2 -> carbamoyl phosphate
2. + L-ornithene -> citrulline
3. + L-aspartate -> arginosuccinate
4. -> L-Fumarate + L-Arginine
5. L-Arginine + H2O -> Urea + L-ornithene
13
enzyme: CO2 + NH3 -> carbamoyl phosphate
carbamoyl phosphate synthase
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enzyme: carbamoyl phosphate + L-ornithene -> citrulline
ornithine carbamoyltransferase
15
enzyme: citrulline + L-aspartate -> arginosuccinate
arginosuccinate synthase
16
enzyme: arginosuccinate -> L-Fumarate + L-Arginine
argininosuccinate lysase
17
enzyme: L-Arginine + H2O -> Urea + L-ornithene
arginase
18
creatinine is generated from...
phosphocreatine -> creatine -> creatinine
19
PHOSPHOCREATINE
storage compound for energy in muscle
20
how many molecules of nitrogen does each creatinine molecule have?
2
21
enzyme: phosphocreatine -> creatine
creatine kinase
22
Uric acid is generated from...
nucleic acid break down
- uric acid = nitrogenous metabolite of purines
23
high concentrations of uric acid causes...
gout (type of arthritis)
24
gout typically occurs in the ___. It is caused by...
foot/ankles;
urate crystal deposition in joint fluids -> inflammation -> joint becomes swollen/tender/painful
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enzyme: xanthine -> uric acid
xanthine oxidase
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what is used to treat gout? why?
xathine oxidase inhibitors;
xathine oxidase is the enzyme that produces uric acid
27
some human studies suggest that a 60% GFR may be associated with...
increased risk of death from cardiovascular disease
28
___ and ___ are not toxic. The toxicity of low GFR is due to...
urea;
creatinine;
the small molecules that builds up in blood
29
endocrine functions of the kidney
1. renin
2. erythropoietin
3. vitamine D metabolism
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