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Clinical Chemistry > Quiz 2 Hormones > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Hormones Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

Types of Hormones

A

Steroid, Protein, and Amines

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2
Q

Steroid Hormones: synthesized by/from, transport

A

By: Adrenal glands, gonads, placenta
From: Cholesterol, lipid-soluble, made as needed rather than stored
Transport: Need a carrier protein to circulate

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3
Q

Clinically Significant Steroid Hormones

A

Cortisol, Aldosterone, testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone

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4
Q

Mechanism of Action: steroid hormones

A

Diffuse into cell and intercellular receptor, telling it to make new mRNAs
Controlled by negative feedback loop

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5
Q

Protein Hormones: synthesized by/from, transport

A

By: Anterior Pituitary, placenta, pancreas, parathyroid
From: Made and stored
Transport: do not need carrier protein, water-soluble

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6
Q

Clinically Significant Protein Hormones

A

Pituitary: FSH, LH (lutinizing), TSH, Growth Hormone, Prolactin
Placenta: HCG (Human chorionic gonadotropin)
Pancreas: Insulin, Glucagon
Parathyroid: PTH
*Those with acronyms all have the same Alpha chain but different Beta chains

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7
Q

Mechanism of Action: protein hormones

A

Attach to mem. receptor, stimulate cellular action

Feedback: change in hormone level or analyte

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8
Q

Amine Hormones: synthesized by/from, transport

A

By: Thyroid, adrenal
From: amino acids
Transport: Thyroids do, Adrenals do not

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9
Q

Clinically Significant Amine Hormones

A

Epinephrine, norepinephrine [Catecholamines]

Thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3)

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10
Q

Mechanism of Action: amine hormones

A

Adrenals: react with cell surface receptor
Thyroid: diffuse into cell
Feedback: activated by nervous system (adrenals)

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11
Q

TBG

A

Thyroxine binding globulin

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12
Q

CBG

A

Cortisol binding globulin

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13
Q

SHBG

A

Sex hormone binding globulin

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14
Q

Androgens

A

Hormones produced in adrenal cortex/gonads

androgens (testosterones), progesterone, estrogens

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15
Q

Hypothalamus/Pituitary/End Organ System

A

Hypothalamus makes releasing hormone that stimulates pituitary to release stimulating hormones that in turn cause an end organ to produce hormones or initiate a process

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16
Q

Primary Hyper/hypo conditions

A

End Organ problem

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17
Q

Secondary Hyper/hypo conditions

A

Pituitary problems

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18
Q

Tertiary Hyper/hypo conditions

A

Hypothalmic problem

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19
Q

Regulation of Hypothalamus/Pituitary/End Organ System

A

End organ product or process feeds back to Hypothalamus and Pituitary to stop hormone production

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20
Q

Thyroid Hormones

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A

Stimulate metabolic processes for growth and development
T4 is converted to T3 in tissues, T4 concentration is higher
99.97% T4 is bound to TBG and TBPA, 0.03% is free
99.5% T3 is bound and 0.5% is free
Only the free portions are metabolically active

21
Q

TBG and TBPA

Study These Flashcards
A

Thyroxine Binding Globulin

Thyroxine Binding PreAlbumin

22
Q

Primary Hyperthyroidism

Study These Flashcards
A

Low TSH, High T4 and T3

Most commonly caused by Graves disease

23
Q

Graves Disease

Study These Flashcards
A

Autoimmune
Antibodies to TSH receptors push the thyroid to produce T3/T4 and suppress TSH
T3/T4 levels are normal or high, TSH is low

24
Q

Primary Hypothyroidism

Study These Flashcards
A

Low T3/T4 and high TSH

Causes: Congenital (cretinism), Myxedema (severe thyroid deficiency), Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

25
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
Autoantibodies to Thyroid, low T3/T4 and high TSH
26
Thyroid Function Tests
TSH, Total thyroxine, Free T4, Direct T3
27
Hypothalamus/Pituitary/Thyroid System
Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH) - Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) - Thyroid - T3/T4
28
Hypothalamus/Pituitary/Adrenal Cortex System
Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH) - Adrenocorticotropic Releasing Hormone (ATCH) - Adrenal Cortex - Cortisol, Aldosterone, Estrogens, Testosterone
29
Hypothalamus/Pituitary/Ovaries-Testes System
``` Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) - Leutinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) - Ovaries or Testes - Ovulation or Spermatogenesis ```
30
Adrenal Cortex Hormones
``` Produces 3 kinds of Steroid hormones: Mineralcorticoids (Aldosterone) Glucocorticoids (Cortisol) Sex hormones (Androgens/Estrogens) Regulated by cortisol feedback to hypothalamus/pituitary ```
31
Aldosterone
Maintain BP, sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion | Regulated by Renin-angiotensin system
32
Renin-angiotensin System
Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I which is converted to angiotensin II that stimulates aldosterone production
33
Hyperaldosteronism
Conn's Disease | Causes increased Na and lowered K with hypertension
34
Hypoaldosteronism
Addison's Disease Lowered Na, Cl, cortisol, hemoglobin, and urinary steroids ACTH is increased if primary and decreased if secondary/tertiary
35
Cortisol
Causes increased Glucose through gluconeogenesis and decreases carbohydrate use Inhibits protein synthesis Immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory
36
Cushing's Syndrome
High cortisol Seen in diabetes mellitus, with lowered plasma proteins and hypertension Signs include Truncal obesity, facial hair, "buffalo hump" osteoporosis, and scant menses
37
Androgens
Secreted by testes, ovaries, and adrenals | 17-ketosteroids: metabolites of androgens found by the Zimmerman reaction
38
Estrogens
Estradiol: secondary sexual characteristics Estrone: metabolite of estradiol Estriol: increases during fetal development, most steadily in third trimester
39
Cortisol Function Tests
Cortisol: Free or total in serum, plasma, or urine; has diurnal variation and is highest in the morning - Dexamethasone suppression: suppresses cortisol production, if cortisol still high it indicates Cushing's
40
Aldosterone Function Tests
Aldosterone levels increase while patient is in upright position
41
Renin Function Tests
Produced in kidneys, drawn from either renal vein Renin Activity or Direct Renin Testing Will be low in Conn's
42
ACTH Function Testing
Distinguishes between primary and secondary hyperaldosteronism
43
Adrenal Medulla Hormones
Catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine) Homovanillic acid is a metabolite of dopamine Metanephrines and vanilylmandelic acid are metabolites of epinephrine Produced by Chromaffin cells
44
Pheochromocytoma
Tumor of adrenal medulla causing hypertension
45
Neuroblastoma
Fatal tumor in children
46
Catecholamines Testing
Plasma or urine | Metanephrines in urine best screen for pheochromocytoma, VMA and HVA are tested for in urine
47
Serotonin
Vasoconstrictor in platelets, brain, and other tissue Increased production in tumors of chromaffin cells of GI tract Breakdown product 5-hydroxy-indole-acetic acid is measured in urine
48
Natriuretic Hormones
ANP, CNP, BNP (Brain) Promote excretion of sodium and water by increasing GFR BNP additionally in synthesized in the myocardial ventricles in response to volume overload (Congestive Heart Failure) to dilate vessels and promote water loss to reduce fluid amount

Clinical Chemistry (38 decks)

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