Regents Review Flashcards
(57 cards)
1
Q
What is a Hypothesis? (2)
A
- A prediction based on available evidence.
- If (IV) then (DV)
Ex: If the chemicals are spilled into the river, then the fish population will decrease.
2
Q
What is the Independent Variable?
A
Variable that is being tested
Ex: Changing the Temperature, Amount of Light, Time, Concentration of Solutions
3
Q
Definition of the Dependent Variable
A
The data collected during an experiment.
4
Q
Definition of the Control Group (2)
A
- Test subject should be identical to EG except it does not receive the treatment/variable that is tested
- Serves as a Comparison
5
Q
Definition of the Experimental Group
A
Shows the effect of the variable that is being tested
6
Q
Definition of Variable
A
Something that can be changed
7
Q
What are the components of a good controlled experiment (5)
A
- Control Group
- Large Sample Group
- Multiple Trials
- Test only one independent variable
- Must be objective and unbiased
8
Q
Definition of Placebo
A
A “fake” treatment given to the control group to prevent bias
9
Q
What are Carbohydrates? (2)
A
- Made up of Monosaccharides (Simple Sugars like Glucose)
- Serves as an Energy Source/Supply Energy
10
Q
What are Lipids? (2)
A
- Store Energy
- Steroids, Fats, Waxes and Phospholipids
11
Q
What are Proteins? (4)
A
- Made up of Amino Acids
- Essential for (makes up) body structure and function
- Most vital organic molecule
- SHAPE + how they fit w/ other molecules determines their function
12
Q
What are the four different jobs of proteins? (4)
A
- Enzymes – Catalyze chemical reactions
- Receptor molecules – Receive and process signals (e.g., hormones)
- Antibodies – Defend against infection
- Hormones – Regulate body functions as chemical messengers
13
Q
Definition of Enzymes (5)
A
- Catalysts made from protein.
- Affects the rates of chem rxns
- Enzymes are specific to their substrate
- Changing its shape & enzyme cannot function
- Very high temperatures causes enzymes to denature/change shape
14
Q
Definition of the Lock and Key Model (3)
A
- One type of enzyme fits one type of molecule/substrate
- If its shape changes, it can no longer fit & function
- Increasing temperatures & pH causes denaturation (change in shape)
15
Q
Definition of Homeostasis (2)
A
- Balanced state in an organism
- Failure to maintain this will result in disease or death
16
Q
Definition of Dynamic Equilibrium (2)
A
- Systems maintain balance despite continuous changes
- Must take actions whenever the balance is disturbed
Ex: Sweating when the body is too hot
17
Q
Definition of Metabolism (3)
A
- To maintain homeostasis, organisms carry out basic life functions
- All Life Processes
- Ex: Transport, Nutrition, Excretion, Respiration, Growth, Synthesis, Regulation
18
Q
What are the three types of transport?
A
- Diffusion
- Active Transport
3.
19
Q
A
19
Q
Definition of Diffusion (3)
A
- Type of Passive Transport
- Movement of molecules from high concentrations to low concentrations
- Spontaneous, requires no energy
20
Q
Definition of Active Transport (2)
A
- Nonspontaneous, requires energy
- Usually moves molecules from low concentration to high concentration
(against the flow of diffusion)
21
Q
Definition of Osmosis (3)
A
- H₂O diffuses in + out of cell to maintain balance across CM
- Hypotonic Solution: H₂O enters cell, causing it to swell and burst (lyse)
- Hypertonic Solution (Salt Water): H₂O leaves cell, leading to shrinkage/plasmolysis (cell death)
22
Q
Definition of Hypotonic Solution (4)
A
- There is more H2O outside the cell
- Water enters the cell
- Causes animals to swell and lyse
- Perfect environment for plant cells, making it crisp
23
Q
Definition of Hypertonic Solution (4)
A
- Less H2O outside of cell (Typically Salt Water)
- Causes H2O to leave the cell
- Animal Cell: Crenation/Shrivel
- Plant Cell: Pulls CM away from CW (Plasmolysis)
24
Definition of Photosynthesis (3)
1. Only occurs in chloroplasts of autotrophs (make their own food)
2. Absorbs E from sun
3. STORES that energy in bonds of C6H12O6
25
Definition of Stomates (4)
- Holes in leaves
- Guard cells triggers opening & closing
- Facilitates gas exchange (CO2 & O2)
- Especially during photosynthesis
26
Definition of Guard Cells (2)
- Triggers the opening and closing of the stomata
- Prevents water loss
27
Definition of Respiration (4)
- Occurs in ALL Organisms
- Takes E from C6H12O6 & places it in ATP
- ATP is E source for all metabolic processes
- Photosynthesis & Aerobic Respiration are Opposite rxns!
(Important for the cycling of O2, CO2, H and H2O in the environment)
Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, and yields more ATP (energy) for a molecule of sugar than anaerobic (no oxygen) respiration. 2. When humans are forced to get energy from anaerobic respiration, we produce lactic acid that damages muscles (“the burn” you feel during exercise).
28
Definition of Aerobic Respiration (3)
1. Requires Oxygen
2. Yields more ATP than Anaerobic
3. Occurs in Mitochondria
29
Definition of Anaerobic Respiration (4)
- Anaerobic organisms + humans rely for E during exercise
- Does not require O2 in the reactants.
- Produces only 2 ATP, much less than aerobic respiration
- Lactic acid buildup causes muscle fatigue and can damage muscles in humans.
29
What is AIDS? (4)
(Cause, Cause of Cause, Definition, Treatment)
- Caused by HIV virus
- Weakens IS, leaving body vulnerable to other diseases
- Spread through bodily fluids (sex, sharing needles, blood transfusions)
- Cannot be cured
30
What is Cancer? (4)
(Definition, Why Bad, Cause)
- Cell divides at an uncontrolled rate (forms tumor)
- Cancer cells do not specialize/serve function
- Takes resources from healthy tissue
- Caused by radiation, chemicals & viruses
31
What is Diabetes? (2)
(Definition, Treatment)
- Affects body’s ability to control BS
- Some can be treated w/ genetically engineered insulin injection from bacteria
32
What are Allergies? (2)
(Definition, Example)
- IS reacts to a harmless substance like a harmful pathogen
- Ex: Asthma - Rxn to dust particles in the air
33
What are Vaccines? (4)
1. A inactive/weakened virus/bacteria
2. Triggers the release of antibodies to fight against the biros
3. Memory cells are produced for next exposure
4. DOES NOT CONTAIN PREMADE ANTIBODIES
34
How can mutations and "acquired traits" be pass on to their offspring? (2)
1. Mutation must occur in sperm/egg to be transmitted via fertilization
2. Not in somatic cells bc it only affects the individual and cannot be inherited
35
How do body system interact?
- Oxygen from the respiratory system is delivered to cells by the circulatory system\
- Wastes from the respiratory system are removed via excretory system
- Nervous and Endocrine system work together to regulate the body
- IS protects NS from disease
36
How does regulation in Endocrine and Nervous System work? (5)
- Stimulus, which is a change in the environment, is detected
- Neurotransmitters triggers an impulse (electrical signal) to be carried by neurons
- Glands can trigger the release of a hormone, which is a chemical signal
- Hormone/Impulse is sent to Target Cell
- Receptor Molecule (Protein) interprets signal thru specific structure
(Can only accept signal that fits its specific structure)
37
Why can't complex molecules diffuse through the CM?
It is too big to pass thru without the help of transport proteins
38
What is Specialization/Differentiation? (2)
- Occurs during embryonic development/after mitosis
- Certain genes of a stem cell (unspecialized) are activated to complete a certain function
39
Facts to remember
- SC relays impulses between brain/body & controls reflexes w/o reaching brain
- CM is semipermeable
- Plasma is the fluid of blood that transports everything but O2
- Antibodies are protein that attacks antigens
- Human Body has 46 Chromosomes
40
How does negative feedback apply to control of blood sugar levels?
(7/Stimulus, Signal, Response, Inhibit)
1. After eating, glucose/BS levels in blood ↑
2. Pancreas detects hi BS & releases insulin
3. Insulin signals cells to absorb glucose
4. BS levels in blood decrease
5. Pancreas detects lo BS & releases glucagon
6. Glucagon signals liver to convert glycogen to glucose
7. BS levels in blood rise again
Stimulus:
Increase in BS levels
Decrease in BS levels
Signal:
Insulin signals cells to absorb glucose
Glucagon signals liver to convert glycogen to glucose
Response:
Low BS levels increase
High BS levels decrease
Inhibit:
Blood Sugar levels are balanced
So insulin/glucagon production stopped
41
What are alveoli?
- Allows Diffusion/Gas Exchange across the Membrane
- O2 diffuses to the bloodstream
- CO2 diffuses to the lungs
42
Why does breathing quicken?
When there is too much CO2/Waste buildup in the bloodstream
43
Definition of Asexual Reproduction (4)
- Single Parent Cell
- Offspring is genetically identical
- Disadvantage: No Variation
- Ex: Binary Fission, Budding. Vegetative Propagation/Cutting, Grafting
44
What causes all variety? (5)
- Crossing Over
- Independent Assortment
- Segration
- Recombination
- Mutation
45
Definition of Mitosis (4)
- Division of One Cell
- Produces 2 Identical, DIPLOID Cells (2n)
- Complex Organisms use for growth/repairation
- Simple Organisms use for reproduction
46
Definition of Meiosis (3)
- Makes gametes for sexual reproduction
- Separates pairs of homologous chromosomes from parent cell
- Each gamete gets one half of the chromosomes of "parent cell"
47
Functions of:
CM
CW
Nucleus
Chloroplast
Ribosome
Vacuole
Mitochondria
CM: Controls what enters & exits the cell, maintaining homeostasis.
CW: Provides structural support and protection
Nucleus: Stores DNA & regulates cell activities
Chloroplast: Site of photosynthesis, converting sunlight into energy
Ribosome: Synthesizes proteins
Vacuole: Stores nutrients, waste, & water
Mitochondria: Site of Cellular Respiration, Produces ATP
48
What is the Male Reproductive System? (Testes & Testosterone)
1. Testes produce & store sperm and produce Testosterone
2. Testosterone is the male sex hormone, and is made in the testes
49
What is the Female Reproductive System (Ovaries, Ovulation, Mensuration, Fallopian Tube, Uterus, Vagina)
Ovaries: Produce Eggs
Ovulation: Release of an egg
Menstruation: Shedding of the uterine wall
Fallopian Tube: Fertilization occurs here & carries egg to the uterus
Uterus: Womb where the baby will develop
Vagina: Birth canal where the baby will leave the body
50
What is Natural Selection? (4)
- Organisms better adapted to their environment survive & reproduce
- Beneficial traits become more common in a population
- Less advantageous traits fade away
- Mechanism drives evolution, shaping species based on environmental pressures
51
What is Evolution driven by?
CHANGE IN THE ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL SELECTION
52
What is a cladogram?
Organisms that are closer together on the branches share a more recent common ancestor, meaning they are more closely related
53
What is a species?
Able to successfully reproduce amongst its members.
54
What is a niche? (2)
- Role an organism plays in its environment
- Two species in an ecosystem trying to fill the same niche will create competition
55
