RENAL PATHOLOGY 2 Flashcards
(49 cards)
acute renal failure
Oliguria/anuria, recent onset azotemia, HTN
Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis is often a drug hypersensitivity (1) are a common cause) in which numerous (2) are present in the urine as well as in the tissues.
- penicillins 2. eosinophils
Tophi- causes
Gout. tumor lysis syndrome
The maintenance phase of ATN:Urine output ____, ____ overload, rising BUN concentrations, ___kalemia, and metabolic acidosis
1) 400 mL/day (oliguria) OR low; salt and water;hyper
Acute tubular necrosis: The cells are then sloughed into the tubule, forming (1) which obstruct it, causing back pressure as well as tubuloglomerular feedback, which causes (2).
- casts 2. afferent arteriolar vasoconstriction and decreased filtration
- ___ is induced experimentally by mixture of aspirin and phenacetin,
- Analgesic nephropathy may lead to ___
Papillary necrosis;
transitional papillary carcinoma of the renal pelvis, tubulointerstitial nephritis, papillary carcinoma
AKI-ATN begins with an initiation phase over the first 36 hours with a decline in (1) and increased (2)
- urine output 2. BUN
(1) can cause what is termed post-renal azotemia which has (2) BUN/creatinine ratio.
- Obstruction to the urinary tract 2. HIGH
(1) can cause pre-renal azotemia, which is generally found with (2) BUN/creatinine ratio.
- Decreased renal blood flow 2. elevated
LOW GFR
increasing BUN
Acute renal failure can be a consequence of problems with ?
blood vessels, glomeruli, tubules, or the interstitium.
Patients with acute tubulointerstitial nephritis may also have (1)
- fever, peripheral eosinophila, hematuria, and proteinuria.
Acute Tubulointerstitial Nephritis
15 days after drug exposure–> fever, ___, maculopapular rash, hematuria, mild proteinuria, and leukocyturia (often including ___ in urine)
eosinophilia; eosinophils
radiographic contrast agents heavy metals (mercury) organic solvents (carbon tetrachloride).
Nephrotoxic AKI
gentamicin and other antibiotics
Nephrotoxic AKI
Oliguria, azotemia, proteinuria, HTN, hematuria
Nephritic syndrome
In bilateral agenesis, the absence of urine prevents the development of (1) and the subsequent pressure needed for (2) development (this disorder is called (3): they have strange facial development as well, from the loss of amniotic fluid pressure).
- amniotic fluid 2. lung 3. Potter’s syndrome
Bilateral agenesis is a fairly common lethal congenital abnormality which leads to stillborn infants who are born with (1)
- hypoplastic lungs.
___ most frequently occurs with synthetic penicillins
(methicillin, ampicillin), other synthetic antibiotics (rifampin), diuretics (thiazides),
NSAIDs, and miscellaneous drugs (allopurinol, cimetidine).
Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis
Acute tubular necrosis: There can also be fluid leakage and inflammation within the interstitium between tubules if
BM is damaged
what do these cause?
- gentamicin and other antibiotics
- radiographic contrast agents
- heavy metals (mercury)
- organic solvents (carbon tetrachloride).
- mismatched blood transfusions and other hemolysis causing hemoglobinuria
- skeletal muscle injuries causing myoglobinuria
characteristic intratubular hemoglobin or myoglobin casts
toxic iron content of these globin molecules contributes to the AKI
B. Nephrotoxic ATN
GFR formula
(urine creatinine X urine volume)/ serum creatinine
Recovery phase ATN/AKI
1) in urine volume that may reach up to 3 L/day;
Loss of 2) ;
Hypokalemia, rather than hyperkalemia; ALSO increased risk of 3)
1) Increase;
2) H20, Na, and K
3) INFECTION
Most patients recover from ATN/AKI unless ___________
BM is damaged
