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PATH MAGIC > RENAL PATHOLOGY 1 > Flashcards

RENAL PATHOLOGY 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Red colored urine suggests the presence of?

A

hemoglobin, myoglobin, or red blood cells

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2
Q

Cloudy or turbid urine suggests the presence of?

A

Protein, crystals, cells or casts

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3
Q

hematuria from hemolysis

A

hemoglobinuria

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4
Q

hematuria from skeletal muscle injury or rhabdomyolysis

A

myoglobinuria

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5
Q

Dysmorphic RBC

A

Glomerular injury

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6
Q

the higher specific gravity of urine indicates?

A

Likely SIADH

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7
Q

Urine protein +4 protein

A

More than 3.5 gm/24 hours; likely nephrotic syndrome

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8
Q

Bence-Jones and LARGE hyalin cast in kidney

A

multiple myeloma

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9
Q

Interpreting the dipstick for blood requires comparison with the microscopic exam and generally there should be (1) on microscopic exam when there is positive blood on dipstick

A

red cells (erythrocytes)

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10
Q

If the dipstick shows blood without red cells present, then this could be (1), indicating that hemolysis has occurred (for (2) or muscle injury (for (3).

A
  1. hemoglobulinuria or myoglobinuria 2. hemoglobulinuria 3. myoglobin
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11
Q

If nitrite is present in urine by dipstick, it may be an indication that (1) are present

A
  1. nitrite producing bacteria
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12
Q

Another dipstick test for urinary tract infection is the detection of (1) which is not normally found in urine unless the white cells which express (1) are present

A
  1. leukocyte esterase
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13
Q

pyuria- disease

A

cystitis/acute pyelonephritis

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14
Q

Waxy cast

A

ESKD

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15
Q

The most important concept in urinalysis is that casts indicate (1)

A
  1. renal location of disease
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16
Q

form when cells or protein are trapped in tubules and form molds of their surroundings

A

casts

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17
Q

24-hour urine collection

A

Check for total protein loss

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18
Q

Red cells, either alone or within casts, lack nuclei so can generally be readily distinguished from (1) casts

A

white cell or epithelial cell

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19
Q

White cells are usually?

A

neutrophils

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20
Q

Eosinophils in Urine

A

Drug-induced allergy

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21
Q

Red blood cell casts generally indicate (1) and white blood cell casts indicate (2)

A
  1. glomerular inflammation/type of glomerulonephritis 2. infection within the kidney which is called pyelonephritis
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22
Q

Epithelial cell casts are found in (1) but often degenerate into (2)

A
  1. acute kidney injury (previously called acute tubular necrosis or ATN) 2. granular casts (muddy brown)
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23
Q

Protein can form casts in the renal tubules in patients with (1) which is also useful for diagnosis (if too many)

A
  1. Chronic Pyelonephritis
24
Q

Stone - kidney

A

crystals in urine

25
Q

(1) crystals tend to form in acidic urine while (2) crystals tend to form in alkaline urine

A
  1. Uric acid and cystine 2. triple phosphate
26
Q

one strategy to try and prevent crystal formation is?

A

making urine pH more or less alkaline in order to decrease crystal formation

27
Q

RBC cast

A

Glomerular disease

28
Q

Urinalysis can be ___, ____, and ____

A

Macroscopic; chemical; or microscopic`

29
Q

Black urine (on standing)

A

Alkaptonuria

30
Q

Sp Gravity 1.010

A

CRF

31
Q

Red urine: centrifuge it to differentiate RBCs from Hbemia/myoglobinuria

A

centrifuge the urine to see if the red color moves into the heavier pellet (indicates RBCs, i.e. hematuria) or stays in the supernatant (Hbemia or myoglobinemia)

32
Q

Suger in urine

A

Diabetes

33
Q

______ detects esterase enzyme present in certain WBCs (neutrophils and monocytes) –> indicates urinary tract infection, since seeing host response

A

Leukocyte esterase

34
Q

Mixed flora in urine

A

Fistula- Crohn’s disease

35
Q

Hematuria (RBC) causes

A

Stone, papillary necrosis, RCC, APKD, trauma, TCC, Nephritic syndrome, Infarct

36
Q

Painless hematuria

A

TCC

37
Q

Intact RBC

A

Likely infarct

38
Q
  • Result of bleeding at any point in the urinary system.
  • No nuclei
A

) RBCs

39
Q
  • (b) WBCs –> Indicates ___
  • Usually ____ (type of cell)
  • Presence of a few is normal
  • High numbers indicate inflammation or infection.

See nuclei and cytoplasm—so more internal structure

A

infection;

neutrophils (poly-lobed nuclei)

40
Q

RBCs vs. WBCs on histo- ID Urine cast

A

RBCs have NO nuclei; WBCs have nuclei and are multi-lobed

41
Q

necrotic papilla in urine

A

Acute pyelonephritis/Analgesic/Sickle cell disease

42
Q

____ –> indicate glomerulonephritis (both acute and chronic; this is a more severe disorder than pyelonephritis)

A

RBC Casts;

43
Q

__->indicate acute pyelonephritis; suggests acute inflammation (if ____) or chronic (if ___)

A

WBC Casts; neutrophils; lymphocytes/hyalin casts;

44
Q
  • Cells are large and flat.
  • Normal cells that line the urinary and genital tract or renal tubules + transitional cells (bladder)
A

Epithelial cells

45
Q

Atypical epithelial cells

A

transitional cells carcinoma

46
Q

Granular cast

A

Chronic kidney diseases

47
Q

indicate nephrotic syndrome

A

Massive proteinuria/4+

48
Q

Hyaline casts (appearance)_____

  • A few are normal; a lot indicates ___.
  • Large hyaline casts indicated ______
A

Colorless; Chronic pyelonephritis,

Myeloma

49
Q

Stone in the kidney

A

Likely Ca-oxalate Crystals

50
Q

•colorless; octahedron; found in acidic urine

A

Calcium oxalate crystals

51
Q

•in cystinuria in small children; hexagon (6 sides); acidic urine

A

Cystine Crystals- Hexagonal

52
Q

This is a crystal of_____

A

Calcium phosphate

53
Q

•colorless; coffin-lid prism; common finding and not usually significant (pH info).; alkaline urine

A

Triple Phosphate Crystals

54
Q

Acidic urine (Crystal types)

(1) ___: colorless; octahedron.
(2) ___: sharper borders, diamond

A

Calcium Oxalate Crystals;

Uric Acid Crystals;

55
Q

(1) Triple Phosphate Crystals: colorless; coffin-lid prism; common finding and not usually significant (pH info).

A

alkaline urine

PATH MAGIC (21 decks)

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