respiration

Question 1

oxidation

Answer 1

the loss of electrons from one substance to another

Question 2

reducing agent

Answer 2

substance that is the electron donor

Question 3

oxidizing agent

Answer 3

substance that is the electron acceptor; higher electronegativity

Question 4

glycolysis

Answer 4

occurs in cytosol; breaks glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate

Question 5

citric acid cycle

Answer 5

within mitochondrial matrix; oxidizes a derivative of pyruvate to carbon dioxide

Question 6

oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 6

inner membrane of mitochondria; constituted by electron transport + chemiosmosis

Question 7

substrate level phosphorylation

Answer 7

happens in citric acid + glycolysis; enzyme transfers a phosphate group from substrate to ADP

Question 8

glycolysis production

Answer 8

1 glucose->2 pyruvate; 2 ATP used, 4 ATP produced->2 ATP final

Question 9

pyruvate

Answer 9

inside mitochondria it is converted into acetyl CoA; CO2 is released

Question 10

acetyl CoA

Answer 10

3 NADH; FAD; ATP substrate level in Krebs

Question 11

ubiquinone

Answer 11

hydrophic molecule that is a mobile electron carrier in the ETC

Question 12

cyochromes

Answer 12

makes up most of the electron carriers in the ETC before oxygen

Question 13

FADH2

Answer 13

adds its electrons to complex 2 in the ETC

Question 14

ATP synthase

Answer 14

protein complex in the inner membrane of mitochondria that makes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate

Question 15

chemiosmosis

Answer 15

energy stored in the form of hydrogen ion gradient drives this ATP synthesis process

Question 16

proton gradient

Answer 16

protons are pumped out of the mitochondrial matrix and into the intermembrane space; H+ flows down the gradient

Question 17

ATP-NADH

Answer 17

1 NADH generates 3 ATP

Question 18

ATP production

Answer 18

about 32 ATP are produced during oxydative phosphorylation

Question 19

alcohol fermentation

Answer 19

acetaldehyde reduced to ethanol; replenishes NAD+

Question 20

lactic acid fermentation

Answer 20

pyruvate is reduced to lactate; replenishes NAD+

Question 21

deamination

Answer 21

use of amino acids for food; amino acids much remove their amino groups

Question 22

beta oxidation

Answer 22

breaks fatty acids down to 2 carbon fragments; enter TCA as acetyl CoA

Question 23

phosphofructokinase

Answer 23

ATP and AMP regulate this enzyme, which controls production of energy

Question 24

chlorophyll

Answer 24

green pigment located within chloroplast where light energy is absorbed

Question 25

mesophyll

Answer 25

about 30-40 chloroplast organelles are found mainly in this cell in the leaf

Question 26

thylakoids

Answer 26

thylakoid sacs within stroma stacked in grana columns; chlorophyll resides within

Question 27

light reactions

Answer 27

light absorbed by chlorophyll drives a transfer of electrons and hydrogen from water to an acceptor called NADP+

Question 28

light reaction produce

Answer 28

generates ATP during photophosphorlyation; NADPH; oxygen as byproduct

Question 29

calvin cycle

Answer 29

incorporation of CO2 from air into organic molecules: carbon fixation

Question 30

photosynthetic pigments

Answer 30

chlorophyll A-primary electron excitation; chlorophyll b-also photosynthetic; carotenoids-dissipate excess light energy

Question 31

photosystem

Answer 31

composed of a reaction center surrounded by a number of light harvesting complexes

Question 32

light harvesting complexes

Answer 32

pigment molecules chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids bound to molecular proteins

Question 33

reaction center

Answer 33

protein complex in photosystem that includes two special chlorophyll a molecules and primary electron acceptor

Question 34

primary electron acceptor

Answer 34

enables capture of excited electron to higher energy level in redox reaction

Question 35

photosystem 2

Answer 35

first of the photosytems known as P680; interacts with light

Question 36

photosystem 1

Answer 36

electrons are passed down ETC from PS2; second of the photosystems known as P700

Question 37

cyclic electron flow

Answer 37

when ATP is low; electrons recycle in PS1 and no NADPH is produced

Question 38

thylakoid membrane

Answer 38

photosystems and ETC with H+ leaving thylakoid space and passing down gradient to stroma with ATP synthase

Question 39

carbon fixation

Answer 39

incorporates O2 by attaching ribulose bisphosphate catalyzed by rubisco

Question 40

rubisco

Answer 40

most abundant protein in chloroplasts and potentially on earth

Question 41

Calvin cycle production

Answer 41

3 CO2 produces one molecule of glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate; consumes 9 ATP, 6 NADPH

Question 42

C3 plants

Answer 42

First product of carbon fixation is the 3 carbon compound 3-phosphoglycerate

Question 43

C4 plants

Answer 43

Carbon fixation that forms a four carbon compound as first product

Question 44

Oxaloacetate

Answer 44

Much higher affinity for CO2 than rubisco and none for O2. Can fix carbon when rubisco cannot in hot dry climates

Question 45

C4 separation

Answer 45

Carbon fixation occurs in mesophyll but Calvin cycle occurs in bundle sheath cells

Question 46

CAM plants

Answer 46

Open their stomata during the night and close during the day; carbon fixation at night, Calvin cycle during the day; both mesophyll