Circulation

Question 1

gastrovascular cavity

Answer 1

cnidarians + flatworms; serves both in digestion and in distribution of substances throughout the body

Question 2

open circulatory system

Answer 2

insects+arthropods+most molluscs; no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid

Question 3

hemolymph

Answer 3

the blood and interstitial fluid of an open circulatory system

Question 4

insect heart

Answer 4

pumps hemolymph into sinuses through elongated tube located dorsally

Question 5

ostia

Answer 5

when heart relaxes the hemolymph is drawn into circulatory system through these holes

Question 6

open circulatory advantage

Answer 6

lower hydrostatic pressure makes them expend less energy

Question 7

fish cardiovascular

Answer 7

two chambered heart and a single circuit of blood flow

Question 8

amphibian cardiovascular

Answer 8

three chambered heart and two circuits of blood with mixing in single ventricle

Question 9

amphibian circuits

Answer 9

pulmocutaneous-lung and skin; systemic-body

Question 10

reptiles except birds

Answer 10

three chambered heart with a septum that paritially divides the single ventricle

Question 11

reptiles+mammals circuit

Answer 11

pulmonary and system circuit and capillaries

Question 12

mammals+bird cardiovascular

Answer 12

4 chambered heart with 2 ventricles and 2 aortas

Question 13

double circulation

Answer 13

the blood is pumped a second time after it loses pressure in the lungs

Question 14

pulmonary artery

Answer 14

right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs through pulmonary arteries

Question 15

aorta

Answer 15

left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood through systemic circuit

Question 16

systole

Answer 16

contraction phase of the cardiac cycle where blood is pushed out

Question 17

diastole

Answer 17

relaxation phase of cardiac cycle where ventricles fill with blood

Question 18

atrioventricular valve

Answer 18

between atrium and ventricle

Question 19

semilunar valves

Answer 19

located at the two exits of the ventricles

Question 20

sinoatrial node

Answer 20

pacemaker sets rate and timing at which all cardiac muscle cells contract

Question 21

myogenic heart

Answer 21

vertebrate hearts that sets its own rate compared to outside nerves in neurogenic heart

Question 22

electrocardiogram

Answer 22

EKG; currents carried by electrodes shows heartbeat

Question 23

endothelium

Answer 23

lines the lumen of all blood vessels; single layer of flattened cells that minimizes resistance to blood flow

Question 24

lymphatic system

Answer 24

fluid leaks out of cardiovascular and into lymph vessels

Question 25

erythrocytes

Answer 25

lack nuclei and mitochondria; generate ATP from anaerobic metabolism

Question 26

leukoctyes

Answer 26

monocytes, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes

Question 27

blood clots

Answer 27

fibrinogen is inactive form and fibrin is the active form

Question 28

coelom

Answer 28

hollow core of each gill that is part of outer layer of sea star

Question 29

parapodia

Answer 29

serve as gills for marine worms called polychaetes

Question 30

crustacean gills

Answer 30

exoskeleton covers the gills

Question 31

countercurernt exchange

Answer 31

as blood moves through gill capillaryit encounters water with higher O2 concentration

Question 32

spiracles

Answer 32

air enters the tracheae through these openings insects body surface and passes into smaller tubes called tracheoles

Question 33

negative pressure breathing

Answer 33

mammals have this but amphibians have positive pressure breathing

Question 34

air sacs

Answer 34

in birds there are eight or nine air sacs and one way channels called parabronchi

Question 35

hemocyanin

Answer 35

respiratory pigment in arthropods has copper as its oxygen binder coloring the blood blue

Question 36

hemoglobin

Answer 36

respiratory pigment of nearly all vertebrates and some invertebrates found in erythrocytes

Question 37

Bohr shift

Answer 37

a drop in pH from active tissue lowers the affinity of hemoglobin for O2 for cellular respiration

Question 38

myoglobin

Answer 38

has a higher affinity for oxygen than hemoglobin