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Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

Hydra (cnidarian)

A

neurons in nerve nets control the gastrovascular cavity

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2
Q

sea star (echinoderm)

A

Central nerve ring with radial nerves to each arm

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3
Q

cephalization

A

clustering of neurons in a brain near anterior (front) of animals with bilaterally symmetrical bodies

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4
Q

Planarian (flatworm)

A

small brain and longitduinal nerve cord define simplest CNS

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5
Q

Insects (arthropod)

A

brain+ventral nerve cord, segmental ganglion make PNS

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6
Q

Squid (upper molluscs)

A

brain+extensive ganglia

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7
Q

chordate

A

brain+dorsal spinal cord+sensory ganglion

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8
Q

dendrite

A

highly branched extensions that receive signals from other neurons

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9
Q

axon

A

transmits signals to other cells and may be over a meter long

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10
Q

astrocytes

A

in CNS, they provide structural support for neurons and regulate extracellular concentrations of ions and neurotransmitters

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11
Q

blood brain barrier

A

astrocytes induce tight junctions between cells that line capillaries in brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

radial glia

A

form tracks which newly formed neurons migrate from neural tube

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13
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

CNS glia that form myelin sheaths around axons with lipids like insulation

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14
Q

schwann cells

A

PNS glia that form myelin sheaths around axons with lipids like insulation

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15
Q

Na+ gradient

A

15mM cytosol; 150 mM extracelluar

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16
Q

K+ gradient

A

150 mM cytosol; 5mM extracellular

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17
Q

Cl- gradient

A

10mM cytosol; 120mM extracellular

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18
Q

ungated ion channels

A

resting potential is regulated by diffusion of K+ and Na+

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19
Q

ligand gated ion channels

A

found at synapses and open or close when neurotransmitter binds to channel

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20
Q

voltage gated ion channel

A

in axons, dendrites, cell bodies; open or close when membrane potential changes

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21
Q

hyperpolarization

A

increase in magnitude of membrane potential; inside becomes more negative and commonly caused by opening K+ channels

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22
Q

depolarization

A

inside of membrane becomes less negative due to opening Na+ channels

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23
Q

resting state gates

A

Na+: inactivation gate open-activation gate closed; K+: gate closed

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24
Q

depolarization gates

A

Na+: inactivation gate open-some activation gate open; K+: gate closed

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25
rising action potential gate
Na+: inactivation-activation gate open; K+: gate closed
26
falling action potential gate
Na+: inactivation gate open-activation gate closed; K+: gate open
27
undershoot gate
Na+: inactivation-activation gate closed; K+: some gates open
28
refractory period
during undershoot no new action potential can occur
29
saltatory conduction
action potential moves from node of ranvier to node in myelin sheaths
30
node of ranvier
many voltage gated ion channels are present to transmit action potential to next segment
31
synaptic vesicles
presynaptic neuron synthesizes the neurotransmitter and is packaged here
32
presynaptic membrane-chemical
voltage gated Ca2+ goes into presynaptic terminal and causes synaptic vesicle fusion with presynaptic membrane
33
postsynaptic membrane-chemical
vesicles release neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft
34
synaptic cleft depolarization
action potential reaches synapse and triggers voltage gated Ca2+ channel
35
direct synaptic transmission
binds directly to receptor on ion channel that allows specific ions to diffuse across postsynaptic membrane
36
excitatory postsynaptic potential
neurotransmitter binds to Na+-K+ channel and membrane potential depolarizes so it is excitatory
37
inhibitory postsynaptic potential
neurotransmitter binds to K+ channel and membrane potential hyperpolarizes so it is inhibitory
38
temporal summation
EPSP happening closely together produces action potential
39
graded postsynaptic potential
since the postsynaptic cleft is at dendrite or cell body 1 EPSP is not able to produce action potential
40
spatial summation
EPSP produced by 2 different synapses can produce action potential
41
IPSP spatial summation
the addition of an IPSP and EPSP could lead to a blocked action potential
42
indirect synaptic transmission
neurotransmitter binds to a receptor that is not part of an ion channel, activating a signaling pathway
43
vertebrate neuromuscular junction
acetylcholine released by motor neurons binds to receptors on muscle cells and produces EPSP
44
biogenic amines
neurotransmitters derived from amino acids
45
catecholamines
derived from tyrosine: epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine
46
serotonin
derived from tryptophan and released many brain sites
47
amino acid neurotransmitters
gamma aminobutyric acid, glycine, glutamate, aspartate
48
GABA
inhibitory neurotransmitter in brain by increasing permeability of postsynaptic membrane to Cl-
49
neuropeptides
relatively short peptide chains of amino acids-substance p and endorphins
50
opiates
morphine and heroin bind to endorphin receptors which block pain and emotional stress
51
gas neurotransmitters
carbon monoxide and nitric oxide
52
cranial nerves
originate in brain and terminate mostly in organs of head and upper body
53
spinal nerves
originate in spinal cord and extend to parts of body below the head
54
PNS components
somatic and autonomic nervous system
55
somatic nervous system
carries signals to and from skeletal muscles, in response to external stimuli
56
autonomic nervous system
regulates the internal environment by controlling smooth and cardiac muscles and digestive, endocrine, cardiovascular
57
sympathetic division
corresponds to arousal and energy generation
58
sympathetic action
dilates pupil of eye, relaxes bronchi of lung, inhibits pancreas, stimulates glucose release from liver, accelerates heart
59
parasympathetic division
promotes calming and return to self maintenance functions
60
parasympathetic action
constricts pupil of eye, stimulates activity of stomach, stimulates gall bladder, constrics bronchi of lungs
61
parasymp pregan neurotrans
acetylcholine
62
parasymp postgan neurotrans
acetylcholine
63
symp pregan neurotrans
acetylcholine
64
symp postgan neurotrans
norepinephrine
65
parasymp pregan neurons
brainstem and sacral segments of spinal cord
66
parasymp postgan neurons
ganglia close to target organs
67
symp pregan neurons
thoracic and lumbar segments of spinal cord
68
symp postgan neurons
some ganglia close to organs; some chain of ganglia near spinal cord
69
forebrain split 5 weeks
telencephalon and diencephalon
70
midbrain split 5 weeks
mesencephalon
71
hindbrain split 5 weeks
metencephalon and myelencephalon
72
telencephalon
cerebrum(cerebral cortext, white matter, basal nuclei)
73
diencephalon
thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
74
mesencephalon
midbrain(part of brainstem)
75
metencephalon
pons(part of brainstem), cerebellum
76
myelencephalon
medulla oblongata(part of brainstem)
77
medulla oblongata
contains centers that control breathing, heart and blood vessel activity, swallowing, vomiting, digestion
78
pons
regulates the breathing centers in the medulla
79
reticular formation
90 separate clusters of neural cell bodies in core of brainstem that regulates sleep and arousal
80
serotonin
may be neurotransmitter for sleep and is synthesized from amino acid tryptophan
81
cerebellum
next to brainstem; coordination and error checking during motor, perceptual, cognitive functions. eg: hand eye coordination
82
epithalamus
diencephalon-includes pineal gland and choroid plexus,cluster of capillaries that produce cerebrospinal fluid from blood
83
thalamus
diencephalon- main input center for sensory info going to cerebrum and main output center for motor info leaving cerebrum
84
hypothalamus
diencephalon- source of posterior pituitary hormones and releasing hormones that act on anterior pituitary; hunger, pleasure center
85
mammal bio clock
pair of hypothalamic structures called the suprachiasmatic nuclei
86
basal nuclei
telencephalon- important centers for planning and learning movement sequences
87
neocortex
mammals have this region of cerebral cortex which is six layers of neurons on outermost part of cerebrum
88
cerebral cortex
telencephalon- sensory info analyzed, motor commands issued, language generated
89
corpus callosum
enables communication between right and left cerebral cortices
90
frontal lobe
speech and motor cortex
91
parietal lobe
behind frontal: somatosensory(touch, pain) cortex, speech, taste, reading
92
temporal lobe
lower lobe: auditory and smell
93
occipital lobe
back lobe: visual cortex
94
left hemisphere
language, math, logical operations; focused perception
95
right hemisphere
pattern recognition, spatial relation; emotion, music
96
broca's area
frontal lobe: active during talking
97
wernicke's area
temporal lobe: active during hearing and understanding speech
98
limbic system
emotions: 3 parts of cerebral cortex(amygdala, hippocampus, olfactory bulb)+some prefrontal cortex+sections hypothalamus and thalamus
99
amygdala
temporal lobe- central to recognizing facial emotional expressions
100
hippocampus
temporal lobe- explicit recall of events and long term memory
101
long term potentiation
increase in synaptic transmission strength that can last for days or weeks in vertebrate brain

Biology (28 decks)

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