Excretion

Question 1

excretion purpose

Answer 1

how animals get rid of the nitrogen containing waste products of metabolism

Question 2

isoosmotic

Answer 2

two solutions are separated by a selectively permeable membrane have the same osmolarity and no net movement

Question 3

hyperosmotic

Answer 3

with two solutions, the one with the greater concentration of solutes

Question 4

hypoosmotic

Answer 4

with two solutions, the one that is more dilute or has a lower concentration of solutes

Question 5

stenohaline

Answer 5

most animals cannot tolerate substantial changes in external osolarity

Question 6

euryhaline

Answer 6

animals that can survive large fluctuations in external osmolarity such as salmon and tilapia

Question 7

marine fish osmolarity

Answer 7

marine fishes constantly lose water by osmosis and gain salt by diffusion

Question 8

marine fish h20 balance

Answer 8

after drinking seawater chloride ions are actively transported out through the gills and kidneys do the rest

Question 9

anhydrobiosis

Answer 9

invertebrate animals such as tardigrades survive for up to 10 years in dehydrated state

Question 10

transport epithelia

Answer 10

layer or layers of specialized epithelial cells that regulate solute movements

Question 11

albatross transport epithelia

Answer 11

nasal salt glands that drip salt solution saltier than seawater

Question 12

freshwater fish transport epithelia

Answer 12

gills of freshwater fish use active transport to move salts from dilute surrounding water into blood

Question 13

nitrogenous waste

Answer 13

breakdown of macromolecules produces ammonia, which is a very toxic molecule

Question 14

ammonia waste

Answer 14

mostly freshwater aquatic animals because ammonia can be tolerated at very dilute levels

Question 15

urea

Answer 15

in liver combines ammonia with carbon dioxide and is used by mamals, most amphibians, sharks, some marine fishes

Question 16

uric acid

Answer 16

insoluble in water and costs lots of ATP; insects, land snails, reptiles, birds

Question 17

egg waste

Answer 17

uric acid can since insoluble in water can be secreted in eggs and not harm animal

Question 18

excretory filtration

Answer 18

tubule collects filtrate from blood including water and solutes pushed by blood pressure

Question 19

excretory reabsorption

Answer 19

transport epithelium reclaims essential substances and returns to capillary

Question 20

excretory secretion

Answer 20

toxins and excess ions are pumped from blood by active transport into filtrate tubule

Question 21

excretory excretion

Answer 21

filtrate leaves the body as waste

Question 22

protonephridia

Answer 22

excretory system of flatworms with network of dead end tubules lacking internal openings

Question 23

flame bulb

Answer 23

interstitial fluid filters through cap cell membrane and beating cilia pushes waste towards body wall

Question 24

nephridiopore

Answer 24

waste empties out of protonephridia through this opening in flatworm

Question 25

metanephridia

Answer 25

earthworms have these tubules that are the waste filtering system

Question 26

nephrostome

Answer 26

fluid enters the metanephridia through this from coelemic fluid

Question 27

nephridiopore

Answer 27

the bladder and earthworm excretion system exits here

Question 28

malphigian tubes

Answer 28

insects and terrestrial arthropods have waste removal with tubes open in waste and closed ends in hemolymph collecting salt, water, nitrogenous waste with reabsorption at rectum

Question 29

nephron

Answer 29

a single long tubule with a ball of capillaries called the glomerulus

Question 30

bowmans capsule

Answer 30

beginning of the tubule in the nephron which surrounds the glomerulus

Question 31

juxtamedullary nephrons

Answer 31

well developed loops of henle found in 20% of human nephrons and only in mammals and birds

Question 32

loop of henle

Answer 32

hairpin turn that extends deeply into the renal medulla with a descending and ascending limb

Question 33

renal cortex

Answer 33

outside of the nephron where a proximal and distal tubule are located

Question 34

renal medulla

Answer 34

inside of nephron where the loop of henle and collecting duct are located

Question 35

afferent arteriole

Answer 35

branch of the renal artery that enters the glomerulus

Question 36

efferent arteriole

Answer 36

arterioles that leave the glomerulus

Question 37

peritubular capillaries

Answer 37

capillaries that surround the proximal and distal tubules

Question 38

vasa recta

Answer 38

capillaries that surround the loop of henle

Question 39

proximal tubule filtrate

Answer 39

transport epithelium allow the transfer of Na-Cl with water; transport of toxins and NH3 into the tubule

Question 40

descending loop of henle

Answer 40

transport epithelium is permeable to water but not to salt, which concentrates the filtrate

Question 41

ascending loop of henle

Answer 41

transport epithelium is permeable to salt but not water and upper portion actively transport salt, which concentrates interstitial fluid and lowers osmolarity of renal medulla

Question 42

collecting duct

Answer 42

water is lost to the hyperosmotic interstitial fluid as transport epithelium is not permeable to salt