Plant diversity

Question 1

alternation of generations

Answer 1

distinguished by the fact that there are both multicellular haploid and multicellular diploid in plant life cycle

Question 2

plant spores

Answer 2

haploid reproductive cells that have the potential to grow into multicellular haploid gametophytes by mitosis

Question 3

gametangia

Answer 3

early land plants have archegonia-female + antheridia-male that are organs that produce gametes

Question 4

embryophytes

Answer 4

land plants have multicellular, dependent embryo developed from zygotes

Question 5

bryophytes

Answer 5

nonvascular plants; liverworts, hornworsts, mosses

Question 6

lycophytes

Answer 6

seedless vascular plants; club mosses, quillworts

Question 7

pterophytes

Answer 7

seedless vascular plants; ferns, horsetails

Question 8

seed

Answer 8

embryo packaged with a supply of nutrients inside a protective coat

Question 9

gymnosperm

Answer 9

seed plant; conifers, seeds are not enclosed in chambers

Question 10

angiosperm

Answer 10

flowering plants; develop inside chambers called ovaries, which originate within flowers and mature into fruits

Question 11

extant lineage

Answer 11

surviving members in addition to extinct members

Question 12

protonema

Answer 12

germinating moss spores produce a mass of green branched, one cell thick filaments

Question 13

gametophore

Answer 13

produced by protonema; gamete producing structure with an apical meristem

Question 14

rhizoids

Answer 14

long, tubular single cells that anchor the gametophytes

Question 15

sporophyte

Answer 15

consists primarily of foot, seta, and sporangium

Question 16

foot

Answer 16

embedded in the archegonium; absorbs nutrients from the gametophyte

Question 17

seta

Answer 17

also called stalk; conducts the nutrients to the sporangium

Question 18

capsule

Answer 18

also called sporangium; uses the nutrients to produce spores by meiosis

Question 19

calyptra

Answer 19

a protective cap of gametophyte tissue on the immature capsule only

Question 20

peristome

Answer 20

for most moss species; upper art of the capsule features a ring of toothlike structures

Question 21

stomata

Answer 21

in hornwort, moss, and vascular plants; in sporophytes; specialized spores allow exchange of air for photosynthesis

Question 22

xylem

Answer 22

conducts most of the water an minerals through vascular plants

Question 23

tracheids

Answer 23

tube shaped cells that are dead, with only walls remaining; cell wall is strengthened by lignin

Question 24

phloem

Answer 24

living sugar conducting sieve cells

Question 25

roots

Answer 25

lignified vascular tissue below the ground

Question 26

microphylls

Answer 26

oldest vascular plants lycophyets have these small spine shaped leaves with a single vein

Question 27

megaphylls

Answer 27

vascular plants of most vascular plants; leaves with a highly branched vascular system

Question 28

sporophylls

Answer 28

modified leaves that bear sporangia; fern-sori; gymnosperms-cones

Question 29

homosporous

Answer 29

one type of sporophyll produces one type of spore and a bisexual gametophyte

Question 30

heterosporous

Answer 30

two types of sporophylls; megasporangium and microsporangium

Question 31

megasporangium

Answer 31

produced megaspores in megasporophylls; megaspores develop into female gametophytes

Question 32

microsporangium

Answer 32

produce microspores in microsporophylls; microspore develop into male gametophyte

Question 33

fern diversity

Answer 33

most have megaphylls; mostly homosporous; stalked sporangia

Question 34

epiphytes

Answer 34

many lycophytes; plants that use other plants as a substrate but are not parasites

Question 35

sporophyte dependent

Answer 35

mosses and other bryophytes; gametophyte dominant life cycle of mosses

Question 36

gametophyte independent

Answer 36

large sporophyte and small gametophyte; ferns and some seedless vascular plants

Question 37

gametophyte dependent

Answer 37

seed plants the gametophyte is dependent on the sporophyte; gymnosperms and angiosperm

Question 38

integuments

Answer 38

layers of tissue that envelop and protect megasporangium; gymno-1, angio-2

Question 39

ovule

Answer 39

the whole structure of megasporangium, megaspore, and integuments

Question 40

gymnosperm seeds

Answer 40

naked seeds that are not enclosed by ovaries; usually form cones-strobili

Question 41

ovulate cone

Answer 41

two ovules containing female megasporangium in each cone scale

Question 42

pollen cone

Answer 42

contains many male microsporangia

Question 43

gymnosperm megasporocyte

Answer 43

2n diploid egg before undergoing meiosis and producing megaspore

Question 44

gymnosperm fertilization

Answer 44

sporophyte from germinating pollen grain and egg nucleus

Question 45

sepals

Answer 45

usually green and enclose the flower at the base

Question 46

petals

Answer 46

brightly colored in most flowers and aid in attracting pollinators; except wind pollinated

Question 47

stamens

Answer 47

microsporophylls produce microspores-male gametophytes; consists of stalk called filament and pollen sac called anther

Question 48

carpel

Answer 48

megasporophylls produce female gametophytes; sticky stigma at tip receives pollen, syle is tube leading to base; ovary contains one or more ovules

Question 49

pistil

Answer 49

single carpel or a group of fused carpels

Question 50

pericarp

Answer 50

formed from the wall of ovary; thickened wall of the fruit

Question 51

dry fruit

Answer 51

beans, nuts, and grains such as wheat, rice and grasses

Question 52

double fertilization

Answer 52

unique to angiosperms; one sperm fertilizes the egg, forming diploid zygote; other sperm fuses with the two nuclei in female gametophyte

Question 53

cotyledon

Answer 53

one or two seed leaves that are on the developing zygote

Question 54

endosperm

Answer 54

tissue rich in starch and other food reserves; from sperm fusing with 2 nuclei in gametophyte

Question 55

monocots

Answer 55

one cotyledon; parallel veins, scattered vascular tissue; fibrous roots; one pollen grain opening; flowers in multiples of 3

Question 56

dicots

Answer 56

2 cotyledons; netlike veins; ring vascular tissue; main taproot; 3 pollen grain opening; 4 or 5 multiples for flowers