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KaBoom > Retroperitoneum - Part 3 > Flashcards

Retroperitoneum - Part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Adenoma

A

Benign cortical mass

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2
Q

What are the risk factors for an adenoma? (4)

A
  1. Diabetes mellitus
  2. Obesity
  3. Hypertension
  4. Older population
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3
Q

What are the clinical findings for an adenoma? (2)

A
  1. Asymptomatic

2. Elevated adrenal hormones

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4
Q

What is the US appearance for an adenoma? (4)

A
  1. Hypo echoic
  2. Homogeneous mass
  3. Smooth wall margins
  4. May demonstrate necrosis or hemorrhage
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5
Q

What are 4 differential diagnosis for an adenoma?

A
  1. Adrenal hyperplasia 2. Adrenocortical
    carcinoma
  2. Renal or liver mass 4. Adrenal
    hemorrhage
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6
Q

Is an adrenal cyst unilateral or bilateral?

A

Unilateral

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7
Q

What are the clinical findings for an adrenal cyst? (2)

A
  1. Asymptomatic

2. Hypertension

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8
Q

What is the US appearance for an adrenal cyst? (4)

A
  1. Anechoic mass
  2. Well-defined wall margins
  3. Posterior acoustic
    enhancement
  4. Walls may calcify
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9
Q

What are 2 differential diagnosis for an adrenal cyst?

A
  1. Cyst of the liver, spleen, or kidney

2. Hydronephrosis

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10
Q

What are the causes of an adrenal hemorrhage? (4)

A
  1. Adrenal mass
  2. Hypoxia
  3. Traumatic delivery 4. Septicemia
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11
Q

What are the clinical findings for an adrenal hemorrhage? (3)

A
  1. Asymptomatic
  2. Palpable abdominal mass
  3. Decrease in hematocrit
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12
Q

What is the US appearance for an adrenal hemorrhage? (2)

A
  1. Cystic or complex adrenal mass

2. Frequently located on the right

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13
Q

What are 3 differential diagnosis for an adrenal hemorrhage?

A
  1. Cyst or neoplasm of the liver, spleen, or kidney
  2. Adenoma
  3. Adrenocortical
    carcinoma
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14
Q

Adrenal hyperplasia

A

Proliferation in adrenal cells

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15
Q

Is adrenal hyperplasia typically unilateral or bilateral?

A

Bilateral

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16
Q

What are the clinical findings for adrenal hyperplasia? (3)

A
  1. Asymptomatic
  2. Hypertension
  3. Elevated ACTH level
17
Q

What is the US appearance for adrenal hyperplasia? (2)

A
  1. Enlargement of the adrenal gland(s)

2. Change in the normal triangular shape

18
Q

What are 2 differential diagnosis for adrenal hyperplasia?

A
  1. Adenoma
  2. Adrenocortical
    carcinoma
19
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A

Rare vascular tumour of the medulla

- small percentage is malignant

20
Q

What side of the adrenal is pheochromocytoma most common in?

A

Right side

21
Q

What are the clinical findings for pheochromocytoma? (8)

A
  1. Hypertension
  2. Sweating
  3. Tachycardia
  4. Chest or epigastric pain
  5. Headache
  6. Palpitations
  7. Severe anxiety
  8. Increase in epinephrine and
    norepinephrine
22
Q

What is the US appearance for pheochromocytoma? (5)

A
  1. Solid mass
  2. Homogeneous texture
  3. May appear complex because of necrosis or hemorrhage
  4. May calcify
  5. Metastasis to liver, lymph nodes, lung, and bone if malignant
23
Q

What are 4 differential diagnosis for pheochromocytoma?

A
  1. Renal mass
  2. Adrenocortical
    carcinoma
  3. Adrenal adenoma 4. Adrenal hemorrhage
24
Q

Adrenocortical carcinoma

A

Neoplasm of the adrenal cortex

25
What are the clinical findings for adrenocortical carcinoma? (5)
1. Hypertension 2. Weakness 3. Abdominal pain 4. Weight loss 5. Weakening of the bones
26
What is the US appearance for adrenocortical carcinoma? (4)
1. Complex or echogenic mass 2. Irregular wall margins 3. Tends to invade the IVC 4. Metastasis to the lungs and bone
27
What are 4 differential diagnosis for adrenocortical carcinoma?
1. Renal mass | 2. Adrenal hemorrhage 3. Pheochromocytoma 4. Metastases
28
Where is metastases most common?
In the lungs
29
What are clinical findings for metastases? (2)
1. Hypertension | 2. Abdominal pain
30
What are US appearance for metastases? (2)
1. Focal mass | 2. Variable in appearance
31
What are 4 differential diagnosis for metastases?
1. Renal mass 2. Adrenal hemorrhage 3. Pheochromocytoma 4. Adrenocortical carcinoma
32
What is the 3rd most common malignancy in infancy?
Neuroblastoma
33
Neuroblastoma
Neoplasm of the | adrenal gland common in young children
34
Is neuroblastoma more common in males or females?
Males
35
When do neuroblastoma normally occur?
Half occur before 2 years of age
36
What side are neuroblastoma more common in?
Left
37
What are the clinical findings for neuroblastoma? (6)
1. Palpable mass 2. Abdominal distention 3. Sweating 4. Weight loss 5. Fatigue 6. Tachycardia
38
What is the US appearance for neuroblastoma? (7)
1. Heterogeneous mass 2. Poorly defined wall margins 3. Pinpoint calcifications - 30% 4. Lymphadenopathy 5. Mass encases the aorta, IVC, SMA and SMV 6. No invasion of the renal vein 7. Metastasis to the liver, bone, lung, and lymph nodes
39
What are 3 differential diagnosis for neuroblastoma?
1. Nephroblastoma 2. Lymphoma 3. Adrenal hemorrhage

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