Scrotum and Prostate - Part 7

Question 1

What causes hydrocele? (3)

Answer 1

1. The closure of the tunica vaginalis is defective
2. The distal end of the processus vaginalis closes correctly, but the midportion of the processus remains patent
3. The proximal end may be open or closed in this type of hydrocele

Question 2

What are the clinical findings for a hydrocele? (3)

Answer 2

1. Asymptomatic
2. Palpable inguinal mass
3. Inguinal or scrotal pain

Question 3

What is the US appearance for a hydrocele? (3)

Answer 3

1. Anechoic fluid collection within the inguinal canal
2. Posterior acoustic enhancement
3. No internal blood flow

Question 4

What is a differential diagnosis for a hydrocele?

Answer 4

Inguinal hernia

Question 5

What is a cause of BPH?

Answer 5

Noninflammatory enlargement of the prostate gland

Question 6

Where does BPH usually occur in?

Answer 6

Transitional zone

Question 7

What are the clinical findings of BPH? (4)

Answer 7

1. Urinary frequency 2. Dysuria
2. Decreased urinary
   output
3. UTI

Question 8

What is the US appearance for BPH? (4)

Answer 8

1. Symmetrical prostate enlargement
2. Hypo echoic parenchyma
3. May demonstrate nodules, cysts, or calcifications
4. Associated hydronephrosis

Question 9

What is a differential diagnosis for BPH?

Answer 9

Carcinoma

Question 10

What is prostatic carcinoma associated with?

Answer 10

Hormone

production

Question 11

What are the clinical findings for prostatic carcinoma? (3)

Answer 11

1. Asymptomatic
2. Hematuria
3. Bladder obstruction

Question 12

What is the US appearance for prostatic carcinoma? (3)

Answer 12

1. Small hypo echoic nodules
2. Smooth or irregular wall
   margins
3. Elevated PSA

Question 13

What is the majority of prostatic carcinoma commonly located?

Answer 13

In the peripheral zone

Question 14

What are 2 differential diagnosis for prostatic carcinoma?

Answer 14

1. Seminal vesicle

2. BPH

Question 15

Where do prostatic cysts occur?

Answer 15

Laterally in any of

the three zones

Question 16

What are the clinical findings for prostatic cysts? (2)

Answer 16

1. Asymptomatic

2. BPH

Question 17

What is the US appearance for prostatic cysts? (4)

Answer 17

1. Anechoic prostate mass
2. Smooth wall margins
3. Posterior acoustic
   enhancement
4. Lack of internal vascular flow

Question 18

What are 3 differential diagnosis for prostatic cysts?

Answer 18

1. Resolving hematoma
2. Vascular structure
3. Post TURP scar

Question 19

What are the causes of prostatitis? (2)

Answer 19

1. Infection
2. Acute or chronic
   inflammation of the prostate gland

Question 20

What are the clinical findings for prostatitis? (2)

Answer 20

1. Urinary frequency and urgency

2. Dysuria

Question 21

What is the US appearance for prostatitis? (2)

Answer 21

1. Diffuse hyper echoic parenchyma

2. Prostate atrophy in chronic cases

Question 22

What is a differential diagnosis for prostatitis?

Answer 22

Calcifications

Question 23

Hydrocele

Answer 23

Two layers of the tunica vaginalis

Question 24

Where does carcinoma of the prostate gland most commonly develop in?

Answer 24

The peripheral zone

Question 25

An anechoic structure arising from the rete testes describes what structure?

Answer 25

Spermatocele

Question 26

What most commonly causes epididymitis?

Answer 26

Bladder infection

Question 27

Where is the most common region for BPH to occur?

Answer 27

Transitional zone

Question 28

A 30-year-old patient presents with a low-grade fever and acute testicular pain. An enlarged hypo echoic right testis is demonstrated on US. Hypervascular flow is demonstrated within the testis on colour Doppler imaging. On the basis of this clinical history, the US findings are most suspicious for which abnormalitie?

Answer 28

Orchitis

Question 29

The majority of blood supplied to the prostate gland is through the...

Answer 29

Capsular artery

Question 30

Blood is supplied directly to the epididymis through which artery?

Answer 30

Cremasteric

Question 31

Which pathology is the most common cause of acute scrotal pain?

Answer 31

Epididymitis

Question 32

60-year-old patient presents with a history of urinary frequency and a decrease in urinary output. These clinical symptoms are most commonly associated with:

Answer 32

BPH