Scrotum and Prostate - Part 4 Flashcards
Cryptorchidism
Undescended testis
Where are 80% of undescended testis located?
In the inguinal canal
What is cryptorchidism associated with? (4)
1. Herniated scrotal sac 2. Increased risk of infertility 3. Torsion 4. Malignancy
When should normal testis descend?
At 6 months of age
What are the clinical findings for cryptorchidism? (2)
- Absence of testis in the scrotum
2. Palpable inguinal mass
What is the US appearance for cryptorchidism? (4)
- Absence of testis in the scrotum
- Oval-shaped hypo echoic mass in the inguinal canal, pelvis, or retroperitoneum
- Smaller than a normal testis
- Generally mobile
What are 3 differential diagnosis of cryptorchidism?
- Lymph node
- Hematoma
- Bowel
Polyorchidism
Presence of more than two testes
What is polyorchidism associated with? (3)
- Inguinal hernia
- Testicular torsion
- Malignancy
What are the clinical findings of the polyorchidism? (3)
- Asymptomatic
- Enlarged scrotum
- Palpable scrotal mass
What is the US appearance of polyorchidism?
Small echogenic extratesticular mass similar to the testis
What are 3 differential diagnosis of polyorchidism?
- Epididymal neoplasm
- Testicular neoplasm
- Epididymitis
Where is polyorchidism usually located?
In the superior medial aspect of the scrotum
Agenesis of the seminal vesicles
Absence of seminal vesicles
What is agenesis of the seminal vesicles associated with?
Ipsilateral renal agenesis
What are the clinical findings of agenesis of the seminal vesicles? (3)
- Asymptomatic
- Urinary retention
- Perirenal pain
What is the US appearance for agenesis of the seminal vesicles?
Absence of the hypo echoic seminal vesicles
What are 2 differential diagnosis of agenesis of the seminal vesicles?
- Technical error
2. Epididymal neoplasm
What is the US appearance of a scrotum? (2)
- Thin hyper echoic wall measuring 2-8mm in thickness
2. Small amount of anechoic fluid surrounds each testis
What is the US appearance of testes? (2)
- Homogeneous parenchyma demonstrating a medium-level to low-level echo pattern
- hypo echoic parenchyma is demonstrated in infants and children - Intratesticular Doppler blood flow should be symmetrical
What is the shape of testes?
Oval
How does the mediastinum of the testis appear on US?
Hyper echoic linear structure located in the
medial and posterior aspect of each testis
What is the blood resistance of the testis?
Low-resistance, low-velocity intratesticular blood flow demonstrating continuous
flow throughout diastole
What is the US appearance of the epididymis? (3)
- Homogeneous structure demonstrating a medium-level to low-level echo pattern
- Isoechoic to hypo echoic when compared to the normal testis
- Minimal or no discernible internal blood flow
