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1st Year: Physiology and Anatomy > Semester 2: L18: Immunology 2 > Flashcards

Semester 2: L18: Immunology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Name 3 immune dysfucntions?

A

Hypersensitivity
Autoimmunity
Immunodeficiency

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2
Q

what is Hypersensitivity?

A

Excessive responses

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3
Q

what is Autoimmunity?

A

Inappropriate responses

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4
Q

what is Immunodeficiency?

A

Inadequate responses

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5
Q

How many classifications of hypersensitivity are there?

A

5

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6
Q

what type I hypersensitivity?

A

Immediate hypersensitivity – allergic reactions

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7
Q

what’s Type II hypersensitivity?

A

Antibody dependent cytotoxic hypersensitivity

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8
Q

what’s Type III hypersensitivity?

A

Immune complex mediated hypersensitivity

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9
Q

what’s Type IV hypersensitivity?

A

cell-mediated delayed hypersensitivity

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10
Q

what are allergens?

A

antigens that can cause an allergic reactions

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11
Q

allergens generally to those who are not allergic are…

A

innocuous proteins that do not threaten the body

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12
Q

what cells are involved in allergic reactions?

A

Mast cells, basophils and eosinophils

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13
Q

what are 2 examples of allergic reactions?

A

Hay fever

Asthma

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14
Q

what happens when someone has asthma?

A
  1. mucosal mast cell captures an antigen
  2. inflammatory mediators, contract the smooth muscle, this increases mucous secretion, and increases blood vessel permeability
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15
Q

what is chronic asthma?

A

Chronic inflammation of the airways

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16
Q

what’s linked to chronic asthma?

A

Th2-cells, eosinophils and neutrophils

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17
Q

what is chronic asthma classified as?

A

Type IV hypersensitivity

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18
Q

A chronic response to asthma is…..

A

mediated by cytokines and eosinophil products

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19
Q

what are treatments of Type I Hypersensitivity?

A

Prevention of exposure
Pharmacological treatments
Prevention of production of IgE antibodies

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20
Q

what are the Pharmacological treatments for Type I Hypersensitivity?

A

Monoclonal IgE antibodies
Antihistamines
Immunosuppressant drugs

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21
Q

what happens during Type II hypersensitivity?

A
  • IgG and IgM antibodies bind on antigens on the cell surface of own cells
  • Results to activation of the complement or effector cells
22
Q

what type of hypersensitivity does haemolytic disease of the newborn link too?

A

Type II hypersensitivity

23
Q

what is Haemolytic disease of the newborn ?

A

mother is negative, with positive child, red blood cells form baby lead to mother producing anti-RhD antibodies, but these can’t cross placenta.
In a 2nd pregnancy the same thing will happen causing a secondary response that will produce IgG antibodies, which will cover the babies red blood cells, destroying them. the baby will have severe anemia, when born can be fatal.

24
Q

what is Haemolytic disease of the newborn prevented by?

A

the mother having the anti-D injections

25
Q

what does the anti-D injection do to prevent Hemolytic disease of the newborn ?

A

It will coat baby erythrocytes and the immunological response of the mother will not be activated

26
Q

what happens during Type III hypersensitivity?

A
  1. Small soluble antibody-antigen complexes
  2. The complexes are deposited in tissues
  3. Activation of complement
    Inflammatory response
27
Q

what is Type IV hypersensitivity mediated by?

A

T-cells

28
Q

How long does delayed-type hypersensitivity take ?

A

1-3 days after exposure

29
Q

what are examples of delayed-type hypersensitivity ?

A

contact dermatitis
Poison ivy
Coeliac disease

30
Q

Type IV hypersensitivity links too?

A

Contact dermatitis

31
Q

what is Contact dermatitis ?

A
  • Small amounts of Nickel pass through the skin and interact with human proteins.
  • They are then recognised by DC that transfer to the lymph nodes
  • Activated T-cells attack the skin area
32
Q

what is Autoimmunity?

A

Failure of self-tolerance

33
Q

what happens to Autoimmunity?

A

Antibodies or T-cells attack own cells and tissues

34
Q

autoimmunity resembles what?

A

type II, III and IV hypersensitivity reactions

35
Q

Name a Immune complex disease ?

A

Systemic Lupus Erythromatosus

36
Q

what are some T-cell mediated disease ?

A

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Multiple Sclerosis

37
Q

what diseases have antibody against cell-surface or matrix antigens ?

A

Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia

Insulin autoimmune syndrome (Hypoglycaemia)

38
Q

what is Rheumatoid Arthritis?

A

Chronic and episodic inflammation of joints

39
Q

what is the Rheumatoid factor?

A

auto-antibody specific for the Fc region of human IgG

40
Q

what causes inflammation when someone has Rheumatoid Arthritis?

A

Over production of TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor)

41
Q

what stem treatments for Rheumatoid Arthritis?

A
  • physiotherapy with anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs
  • Monoclonal anti-TNFα antibodies
42
Q

what are the two type of Immunodeficiency?

A

Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases

Secondary Immunodeficiency Diseases

43
Q

what does Secondary Immunodeficiency Diseases cause?

A

Malnutrition
Immunosuppressant drugs
Tumours, Traumas
Infectious agents

44
Q

what’s AIDS stand for?

A

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

45
Q

what’s HIV?

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

46
Q

what does HIV infect?

A

T helper (CD4+) cells, macrophages and Dendritic cells

47
Q

HIV leads to the destruction fo what?

A

CD4 T-cells

48
Q

when someone has AIDS/HIV what becomes less effective ?

A

Both antibody-dependent and cell-mediated immunity become less effective

49
Q

what’s a treatment for HIV?

A

Highly Active anti-retroviral therapy

50
Q

Highly Active anti-retroviral therapy involves and does what?

A
  • Combination Therapy
  • reduces the viral load
  • slows down disease progression
51
Q

not done slides

A

23 and 24

1st Year: Physiology and Anatomy (28 decks)

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