Lecture 18: Joints and Articulation Flashcards
1
Q
what is a joint?
A
a junction between 2 bones
2
Q
what are key aspects of a joint?
A
movable and fixed
3
Q
Name one fixed joint
A
skull
4
Q
what is the skull like at birth?
A
the skull bones are not joined together, there’s a anterior and posterior gap
5
Q
when do the gaps in the skull close?
A
first is posterior (1-2 months) then anterior (9-18 months)
6
Q
Name 3 bones found in the skull?
A
frontal bone
parietal bone
occipital bone
7
Q
Give 3 example of movable joints
A
knee
elbow
finger
8
Q
Nam two types of joints
A
fibrous joints
cartilaginous joints
9
Q
what is a fibre joint?
A
Fixed joint between two bones
10
Q
How is a fibrous joint held together ?
A
connective tissue
11
Q
do fibrous joints have a cavity?
A
no cavity
12
Q
Give one example of a fibrous joint?
A
skull
13
Q
cartilaginous joint has ________ movement
A
limited
14
Q
cartilaginous joints are he’d together by what?
A
- fibro-cartilaginous discs
- ligaments
15
Q
Give an example of a cartilaginous joint
A
pubic symphysis ribs
16
Q
what are synovial joints?
A
two or more bones which are covered with a layer of articular cartilage and can transfer land between bones
17
Q
list the joints from least movement to most
A
fibrous joints
Cartilaginous joint
synovial joints
18
Q
whats an articular capsule?
A
connects bones
creates a cavity
19
Q
whats a cavity n a synovial joint filled with?
A
synovial fluid
20
Q
what does Articular cartilage/hyaline cartilage do?
A
covers end of bone
prevents friction
absorbs compression on joint
protects the joint
21
Q
How is a joint capsule formed?
A
an outer tough fibrous layer and an inner synovial membrane.
22
Q
what does a joint capsule do?
A
increase stability
23
Q
what does a synovial membrane produce?
A
synovial fluid
24
Q
where can synovial fluid be found?
A
joint cavity
25
whats the function of synovial fluid?
reduces friction between cartilage
Nourishes cartilage
gets rid of any waste debris
26
what does synovial fluid consist of ?
hyaluronic acid
| interstitial fluid
27
what does synovial fluid contain?
phagocytes
28
what are ligaments
fibrous connective tissue arranged in a parallel form
29
what do ligaments do?
- strong
- resist repeated strain
- helps prevent dislocation.
- connects bone to bone
30
name two accessory ligaments
extracapsular, intracapsular
31
where are Intracapsular ligaments
located inside the articular capsule
32
what's an example of a Intracapsular ligament ?
cruciate ligament
33
what are tendons?
Strong connective tissue that connects muscle to bone
34
what is a sprain, give an example?
ligament tear
| eg:ankle sprain
35
what is a strain, give an example?
Tendon or muscle tear
| e.g. hamstring muscle tear
36
what is a bursa and what does it do?
A pad of fat provide cushioning between fibrous capsule and bone or muscle, that acts as shock absorbers
37
what is Bursitis ?
When the Bursa swells as its accumulating synovial fluid
38
what are the different types of synovial joints?
```
Ball and Socket
hinge Joint
Pivot Joint
Gliding Joint
Saddle Joint
Condyloid Joint
```
39
where can you find a Ball and socket joint?
hip or shoulder
40
where can you find a hinge joint?
knee or elbow
41
where can you find a pivot joint?
vertebrae of the neck
42
where can you find a gliding joint?
in the Hand between carpels
43
where can you find a saddle joint?
thumb joint
44
where can you find a condyloid joint ?
wrist joint
45
what are the 4 types of movement ?
gliding, flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction
46
what type of movement is gliding?
No rotary or angular motion
47
what type of movement is flexion/extension?
decrease/increasing angle between bones
48
what type of movement is Abduction/adduction?
Movement of bone away/towards midline
49
what type of movement is Circumduction?
Combination of flexion/extension and abduction/adduction in succession, resulting in circular motion
50
which joints are triaxial ?
ball and socket
51
Name a uniaxial joint
hinge joint
52
what is elevation/depression?
moving the jaw up and down
53
what is Protraction/retraction?
Pushing chin out/ pulling chin into neck
54
what is Inversion/eversion?
Moving soles of feet inwards or outwards
55
what is Dorsiflexion/plantar flexion?
Bending foot towards shin/towards sole
56
what is Supination/pronation ?
Palm turned upwards/downwards
57
why s the forearm more mobile than the lower leg?
radius/ulna are further apart compared to the tibia/fibula
58
why are ball and socket joints triaxial?
because of rotation
extension
adduction
shoulder also circumduction
59
what is uniaxial movement ?
Movement in a single plane
60
what is hyperextension?
when someone is double jointed
61
what features do double jointed joints have?
hyperflexible
hyperextensible
hypermobile
62
what does a pivot joint look like?
Bone fits in a circle
63
What is a pivot joint formed by?
formed by articulating bone and ligament
64
what movement does a pivot joint have?
monoaxiol (rotation only)
| medial and lateral rotation
65
does a gliding joint allow twisting?
no
66
what kind of joint is a saddle joint?
Modified ellipsoidal joint
67
what kind of movement does saddle joints allowed?
Allows side-side, back-forth movements. Biaxial and allows circumduction. Allows opposition.
68
what is opposition?
when the thumb can touch
| each finger
69
what movement do condyloid joints have?
biaxial - forward bak and side to side
70
what is Osteoarthritis (OA)
| ?
wear and tear
71
wat is Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?
inflammatory, Autoimmune disease
72
what is a gout?
sodium urate crystals in the joint
73
what type of arthritis is OA?
degenerative
non-inflammatory
progressive
weight bearing joints
74
what happens when there's a Degeneration of articular cartilage?
bone is exposed
bumps of osseous tissue deposited
restricts joint movement
reduction in joint cavity
75
how does osteoarthritis affect the spine?
narrow disks and bone spur
76
what inflames due to Rheumatoid Arthritis ?
The synovial membrane
| thickens and fluid accumulates
77
what is panes ?
abnormal granulation tissue
responsible for deformation of joints
sticks to and erodes articular cartilage
78
How does Rheumatoid Arthritis lead to joints being immobile?
Cartilage degraded
bones join together by fibrous tissue
ossifies and fuses – joint now immobile
79
RA leads to hyperplasia of _______ _____ _____
synovial stromal cells
80
RA causes the infiltration of?
T and B cells
81
what is Rheumatoid factor?
autoantibody, binds to other antibodies found in 80% of patients.
82
what's a dietry treatment for OA/RA ?
```
antioxidants (vitamins C, E)
chondroitin sulphate
collagen hydrolysate
glucosamine
Ginger, evening primrose, fish oil
```
83
what medication is taking to treat OA/RA?
painkillers
Immunosuppression (methotrexate)
Anti-TNF therapy for RA (adalimumab, etanercept and infliximab )
Anti- B cell therapy ( Rituximab)
84
what other treatment is there for OA/RA?
surgery - relieves pain and improves function
85
what causes Gout?
excess of uric acid (hyperuricemia) due to dysfunctional purine metabolism
86
what other conditions are linked to gout?
Obesity
Diabetes
renal insufficiency
hypertension
87
is there a clear correlation with diet and gout?
no
88
How is Uric acid formed from hypoxanthine ?
enzyme xanthine oxidase
| turns hypoxathine into xanthine and then xanthine into uric acid
89
How is Uric acid formed from guanine ?
enzyme guanosine deaminase
| turns guanine into xanthine and then xanthine oxidase turns xanthine into uric acid
90
In Gout what does uric acid react with?
sodium
91
(gout) what's formed from uric acid and sodium ?
sodium urate crystals form and accumulate in joints
92
what happens to cartilage hone someone has gout?
it erodes
93
come back too
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