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1st Year: Physiology and Anatomy > semester 2: L17 The immune system 1 > Flashcards

semester 2: L17 The immune system 1 Flashcards

(100 cards)

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1
Q

what is the immune system?

A

Body’s defence system of cells and proteins that are able to identify invading organisms and then inactivate and eliminate them.

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2
Q

when is an innate immune response initiated?

A

initiated immediately on infection

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3
Q

what is a innate immune response?

A

non-specific defence against a wide range of pathogens

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4
Q

what is a Adaptive immune response ?

A

a response to a specific antigen and generates immunological memory

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5
Q

what does Adaptive immune response allow ?

A

Allows for a rapid response if the same infection hits with the same pathogen

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6
Q

Name five types of pathogens?

A 
Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Protozoa
Helminth parasites
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7
Q

How are cells of the immune system being generated?

A

through hematopoiesis

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8
Q

where does hematopoiesis take place?

A

bone marrow

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9
Q

what does a Hematopoietic stem cell give rise too?

A

two progenitor cells

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10
Q

what 2 progenitor cells do Hematopoietic stem cell give rise to?

A

A. Common myeloid progenitor

B. Common lymphoid progenitor

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11
Q

Common myeloid progenitor, allows us to produce what?

A
  • Megakaryocyte / erythrocyte progenitor

- Granulocyte and macrophage progenitor

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12
Q

Megakaryocytes produce?

A

platelets

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13
Q

erythrocyte progenitor produces?

A

erythrocytes

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14
Q

macrophage progenitor produce?

A

a dendritic cell

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15
Q

Granulocyte produce ?

A

a mast cell

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16
Q

Common lymphoid progenitor, leads to the production of what?

A

B cells and T cell pre cursor

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17
Q

Common lymphoid progenitor, produce B cells which produce?

A

plasma cells

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18
Q

Common lymphoid progenitor, produce T cell pre cursors, which produce?

A

Thymocytes (T-cell progenitor), which produces effector T cells

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19
Q

what T cells are produced by the effector T cells?

A
  • cytotoxic T cells
  • T helper cells
  • Regulatory T-cells
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20
Q

what white blood cells are involved in the innate immune system?

A

neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, NK cells

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21
Q

what’s involved in the adaptive immune system ?

A

B cell, plasma cell, cytotoxic T cell, regulatory T cell, T helper cell.

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22
Q

what protein are involved int he immune system?

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex , Cytokines, Chemokines, Complement, Cell surface receptors, cytotoxins.

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23
Q

what things are involved in both type of immune responses?

A

macrophage, mast cell and dendritic cell

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24
Q

name 3 Granulocytes

(Polymorphonuclear leukocytes) ?

A

neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil

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25
where are macrophages located?
in tissues
26
what are macrophages?
large phagocytes
27
How do macrophages respond to pathogens?
respond to pathogens by using different receptor | example: Toll-like receptors
28
what happens to macrophages when infection is detected?
they are activated and secrete cytokines to recruit other cells
29
what's another word for white blood cell?
leukocytes
30
what percent of our white blood cells is neutrophils?
60–80%
31
what sends neutrophils to the site of infection?
Recruited by cytokines
32
How do neutrophils pass the wall of vessels?
a process called diapedesis
33
what do neutrophils do to bacteria?
engulf and phagocytose bacteria, Enzymes then kill the phagocytosed bacteria and digest them
34
what percent of leukocytes | is eosinophils?
1.5%
35
How do eosinophils get to the site of infection?
Attracted to site of infection by chemokines
36
what do eosinophils defend us from?
parasitic invaders (worms)
37
what do eosinophils do to the parasites?
granules contain toxic molecules that attack parasites
38
what percent of leukocytes | is Basophils?
less than 1%
39
are pastils non-phagocytic?
yes
40
what do basophils defend us against and how?
May defend against large parasites by releasing toxic substances
41
what do basophils secrete?
Histamine and Leukotriene C4 which attract neutrophils and eosinophils
42
what do basophils contribute to?
allergic reactions
43
where aremast cells located?
in tissues
44
where are Natural killer cells found?
Circulate in the blood but are also present in tissues
45
(Natural killer cells) | cytotoxic lymphocytes contain what?
Perforins | Granzymes
46
Natural killer cells can do what ?
recognise and kill virus-infected cells and cancer cells | and stimulate macrophages
47
what is the innate immune response?
1. injured tissue cells release histamine, causes capillaries to dilate. 2. macrophages and dendritic cells, phagatosize pathogens and release cytokines, causing inflammatory response 3. macrophages squeeze through capillary and the phagaocytize pathogens. 4. Blood clotting walls off capillary, preventing blood loss.
48
what are symptoms of inflammatory?
redness, heat, swelling and pain
49
what do virus infected cells secrete?
interferons
50
in what manners to interferons act?
paracrine and autocrine manner
51
what do interferons do?
- Induce resistance of neighbouring cells to the virus
52
what do interferon sod linked to NK?
- Increase expression of activating ligands for NK cells on the surface of infected cells - Activate NK cells to kill virus-infected cells
53
the complement system, involves plasma proteins that do what?
Plasma proteins that mark pathogens for destruction
54
what protein tags a pathogen for destruction?
Protein C3b
55
what are the three pathways in the complement system?
Alternative pathway Lectin pathway Classical Pathway
56
what are some characteristics of the adaptive immune system ?
Specificity Diversity Immunological memory Life-long immunity
57
what are some specific defences of the active immune system?
Humoral Immunity | Cell mediated immunity
58
where are B and T cells found?
lymphoid tissues
59
what are the primary lymphoid tissues?
bone marrow and thymus
60
what are the secondary lymphoid tissues ?
stimulation of lymphocytes GALT MALT
61
what is lymphocyte recirculation?
lymphocytes move continuously from the blood to secondary lymphoid tissues to lymph and back to blood.
62
where do B-cells mature?
Bone Marrow
63
B cells have what on their surface?
specific antigen receptors on their surface
64
what happens when B cells are activated?
it will differentiate to a plasma cell and start secreting immunoglobulins (antibodies)
65
what are plasma cells known as?
effector cells
66
whats the life span fo plasma cells?
4-7 days
67
what can plasma cells do?
Produce antibodies – can mark antigens for destruction
68
whats the life span of memory B cells?
long
69
memory B cells have a ?
Rapid activation in a second encounter with the same antigen
70
How do antibodies differ form each other?
``` Size Charge Amino acid sequence Carbohydrate content Effect ```
71
what are the 5 classes of antibodies?
``` IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4 IgA1 and IgA2 IgM IgD IgE ```
72
what function are all classes of antibodies capable of ?
Neutralisaton, agglutination and enchanting NK cell activity
73
which antibodies are involved in Opsonisation ?
IgG and IGM
74
what is Opsonisation ?
attaching antigens to phagocytes
75
which antibody is involved in the Sensitisation of mast cells ?
IgE
76
which antibodies are involved in the Sensitisation of basophils ?
IgD, IgE
77
what's the structure of IgM like?
5 Y shaped antibodies in a pentagon structure
78
whats the most common class of antibody produced in a primary response ?
IgM
79
what roles in antigen disposal does Igm have?
neutralises antigen agglutinates antigen activates complement
80
what shape are IgD, IgE and IgG?
just a Y shape
81
why is IgD important?
its an antigen receptor on B cells
82
whats the most common type of antibody in the blood?
IgG
83
what the most major class of antibody produced in seconds responses?
IgG
84
why Is IgG important?
crosses placenta, important in fatal and newborn immunity.
85
which antigen is linked to allergies?
IgE
86
what rolein antigen disposal does IgE play?
neutralises antigen agglutinates antigen binds to basophils an dames cells to make histamine
87
whats the structure of IgA
two Y's joined at the tail horizontally
88
IgA is present in ?
breast milk so is important in immunity of new borns
89
what roles in antigen disposal does IgA play?
neutralises antigen | agglutinates antigen
90
when are T-cells activated?
upon contact with an antigen
91
what are the 3 regions of a T cell receptor?
1. variable region 2. constant regions 3. transmembrane region
92
what happens during T-cell mediated immune respnse?
1. Antigen presenting cells will ‘carry’ the antigen into the lymph nodes 2. T-cells that have the matching T-receptor will start proliferating and differentiate into effector cells.
93
T-cell -mediated immune response. after T cells are activated what do they do?
After their activation T-cells travel to infected tissues
94
In T-cell -mediated immune response Cytotoxic T-cells will secrete ________ (perforin, granzymes) and induce ______ in target cells
1. cytotoxins | 2. apoptosis
95
what do T-helper cells do?
secrete cytokines
96
In T-cell -mediated immune response Regulatory T cells will ______ the activities of the other _____ T-cells
1. suppress | 2. effector
97
which immune response is specific?
Adaptive immune response
98
which immune response as greater diversity?
Adaptive immune response
99
which immune response has memory?
Adaptive immune response
100
which immune response malfunctions often?
Adaptive immune response

1st Year: Physiology and Anatomy (28 decks)

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