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1st Year: Physiology and Anatomy > Semester 2: L19 - Kidneys and Urinary System 1 (slid 28+) > Flashcards

Semester 2: L19 - Kidneys and Urinary System 1 (slid 28+) Flashcards

1
Q

where are the kidneys located?

A

lie retro-peritoneally in the back abdominal wall

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2
Q

where does the uterus do?

A

conducts urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

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3
Q

what is the bladder?

A

expandable organ that stores urine until it is expelled from the body

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4
Q

what does the urethra do?

A

excrete urine from bladder to outside of body (micturition)

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5
Q

what is excretion?

A

removal of metabolic waste products from body fluids

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6
Q

what is elimination?

A

discharge of waste products out of the body

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7
Q

what is Homeostatic regulation?

A

regulation of the volume and solute concentration of blood

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8
Q

for Homeostatic regulation what needs to be controlled?

A
  • Regulation of blood volume and pressure
  • Regulation of plasma concentration of sodium, potassium, chloride and other ions
  • Stabilising blood pH
  • Conserving valuable nutrients
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9
Q

what is the renal capsule and where is it located?

A

connective tissue that surrounds the kidney

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10
Q

Na etch three regions of the kidney?

A

Renal cortex, Renal medulla , Renal pelvis

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11
Q

what is the renal cortex?

A

an outer granulated layer

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12
Q

what is the structure of the renal medulla?

A

divided in cone-shaped tissue masses called renal pyramids

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13
Q

what does the Renal pelvis contain?

A

contains the major renal blood vessels

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14
Q

what originates from the renal pelvis?

A

the ureter

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15
Q

what does the nephron do?

A

Filters blood and produces urine

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16
Q

what are the two types of nephrons?

A

Cortical nephrons

Juxtamedullary nephrons

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17
Q

what are the two parts of a nephron?

A

Renal Corpuscle

Tubules

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18
Q

cortisol nephrons have a short what?

A

A short loop of Henle

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19
Q

in Juxtamedullary nephrons

what odes the loop of Henle do?

A

Long loop of Henle extends into medulla

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20
Q

what is the Juxtamedullary responsible for?

A

Responsible for the medullary osmotic gradient

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21
Q

what do nephrons produce?

A

urine

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22
Q

what does the renal corpuscle involve?

A

glomerulus and the Bowman’s capsule

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23
Q

what happens at the renal corpuscle?

A
  • blood flows via afferent arterioles into clusters of capillaries (glomerulus),
  • 20% leaks into bowman space
  • the rest exit via efferent arterioles
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24
Q

whats the Glomerulus?

A

Tangled capillary network

25
Q

wha are the two layers of the Bowman’s capsule?

A 
Parietal layer (outer)
Visceral layer (inner)
26
Q

what shape is the Bowman’s capsule?

A

Invaginated sphere

27
Q

what does the renal corpuscle do?

A

its a filtration unit

28
Q

what does the Glomerular filtration barrier contain?

A
  • Fenestrated endothelium
  • Glomerular Basement Membrane
  • Visceral epithelial cells (podocytes)
29
Q

what do Fenestrated endothelium form?

A

fenestrae (pores) of 70-100nm

30
Q

what are Glomerular Basement Membrane ?

A

mesh of extracellular proteins

31
Q

what do Visceral epithelial cells form?

A

the filtration slit diaphragm

32
Q

Proximal tubule consists of?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

Proximal straight tubule

33
Q

the loop of hence ha a ______ limb a ____ ascending limb and a ______ ascending limb.

A

Descending
Thin
Thick

34
Q

what does the Proximal convoluted tubule

have?

A
  • Cuboidal epithelial cells
  • Covered with microvilli
  • Brush border that allow reabsorption of filtrate components
    70% of water and sodium, 100% glucose
  • Rich in mitochondria
  • Tight junctions allow paracellular transport
35
Q

what Iines Both thin ascending and descending loop of Henle ?

A

simple squamous epithelium

36
Q

what lines The thick ascending limb ?

A

cuboidal epithelium

37
Q

what does Distal Convoluted Tubule have?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium
No brush border
High proportion of mitochondria (fewer than PCT)
Tight junctions

38
Q

what happens to collecting ducts as they descend through the medulla?

A

Collecting ducts merge and become larger as they descend through the medulla

39
Q

the collecting duct contains?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

40
Q

what does the juxtaglomerular apparatus do?

A

Regulates blood pressure and the filtration rate of the glomerulus

41
Q

whats the Macula densa?

A

Densely packed group of modified epithelial cells in the DCT

42
Q

what do Macula densa do?

A

Detect sodium concentration

43
Q

what happens when theres an increase of sodium in the macula dense?

A

contraction of the afferent arteriole, reducing flow of blood to the glomerulus and the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

44
Q

Juxtaglomerular cells

are also known as?

A

granular cells

45
Q

Juxtaglomerular cells derive from where?

A

Derived from the smooth muscle cells of the afferent arteriole

46
Q

what happens when blood pressure decreases in the arterioles?

A

JG cells secrete renin causing blood pressure to increase via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

47
Q

How much of the total cardiac output do kidneys recieve?

A

20-25%

48
Q

how does the kidney receive blood?

A

through a renal artery

49
Q

How do Renal arteries enter the kidney?

A

Renal arteries enter kidney at hilus direct from aorta

50
Q

Renal ____ also exit at ____ and connect the kidney with the ____ ___ ____.

A

veins
hilus
inferior vena cava

51
Q

Renal ____ branches into
five ____ ______ which branch into
smaller _____ arteries.

A

artery
segmental arteries
interlobar

52
Q

interlobar arteries supply blood to the what in the kidney?

A

arcuate arteries

53
Q

where are arcuate arteries found?

A

arch in the border between the medulla and the cortex

54
Q

arcuate arteries branch into what?

A

interlobular arteries.

55
Q

From each interlobular artery branch numerous ______ arterioles.

A

afferent

56
Q

The afferent arteriole divides into the ____ _______, which will reunite to form the ___ ____

A

glomerular capillarie

efferent arteriole.

57
Q

The efferent arterioles will lead to the ____ capillaries around the renal tubules and to the vasa recta (straight vessels) around the loop of Henle.

A

peritubular

58
Q

How does blood supply to the kidney go?

A 
renal artery 
segmental arteries 
interloper arteries 
affterent arteries
glomerular capillaries 
efferent arterioles
particular capilaries 
interlobular veins 
arcuate veins 
interlobal veins 
renal veins
59
Q

what are the three processes which form urine?

A
  1. Glomerular Filtration
  2. Tubular Reabsorption
  3. Tubular Secretion

1st Year: Physiology and Anatomy (28 decks)

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