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1st Year: Physiology and Anatomy > Semester 2 L9: Hormone 3 > Flashcards

Semester 2 L9: Hormone 3 Flashcards

1
Q

insulin is linked too?

A

insulin

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2
Q

Ca2+ ions link too?

A

parathyroid hormone

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3
Q

what do hypothalamic neurone produce?

A

tropic hormones

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4
Q

Peptide hormones are ___ active.

A

fast

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5
Q

peptide hormones are synthesised as?

A

preprohormones

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6
Q

preprohormones are cleaved to form?

A

prohormones

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7
Q

what are prohormones packaged into?

A

secretory vesicles by golgi

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8
Q

prohormone cleaved to form?

A

an active hormone

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9
Q

what stem stages of insulin being synthesised?

A

pre-pro-insulin (arrow) proinsulin (arrow) insulin

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10
Q

where does protein synthesis happen?

A

endoplasmic reticulum

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11
Q

pro hormones are packaged in too _____.

A

vesicles

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12
Q

steroid hormones has to be what?

A

synthesised

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13
Q

steroid hormones is derived from?

A

cholesterol

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14
Q

cholesterol is derived from..

A

low density lipoprotein

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15
Q

where is cholesterol converted to steroid ?

A

in mitochondria and SER

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16
Q

RER links too?

A

protein synthesis

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17
Q

what enzyme is used in the mitochondrial, during steroid hormone synthesis?

A

cytochrome P450

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18
Q

steroid hormones diffuse out of cell into what?

A

into interstitial fluid and blood

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19
Q

How is a steroid hormone produced?

A
  1. cell receives signal to produce steroid hormones.
  2. singling causes lipid droplets to release the cholesterol
  3. cholesterol travels to mitochondria and SER
  4. This produces the steroid hormone which goes back to the mitochondria then diffuses into the blood
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20
Q

where is the pituitary gland located?

A

below hypothalamus at the base of the brain

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21
Q

what connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary?

A

infundibulum (stalk)

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22
Q

what does the infundibulum contain?

A

nerves and vessels

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23
Q

what do hypothalmo-pituitary portal vessels do?

A

deliver hypothalamic hormones to pituitary

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24
Q

pituitary gland has two may lobes ?

A

2

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25
Q

the anterior lobe of the pituitary is linked too?

A

the tissue in the roof of the mouth

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26
Q

the posterior pituitary gland originates from where?

A

embryonic Brian tissue

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27
Q

How does the anterior pituitary gland produce hormones ?

A
  1. Hormone is released form the hypothalamus, via a cluster of nuclei, it travels down axons.
  2. to the blood vessels which are in the median eminence
  3. it then travels to the anterior pituitary, simulating the follicle cells to produce new hormones that’s released into the blood vessels.
28
Q

How does the posterior pituitary gland produce hormones ?

A

supraoptic nuclei and paraventricular nuclei axons go to the posterior pituitary gland, where the hormone enter the blood stream and go to where they are needed.

29
Q

what are the two nuclei involved in he posterior pituitary gland ?

A

supraoptic nuclei

paraventricular nuclei

30
Q

the axons of the supraoptic nuclei, paraventricular nuclei end at the ?

A

posterior pituitary.

31
Q

what’s a typical 3 hormone sequence ?

A

hypothalamus (hormone 1 secretion), anterior pituitary (hormone 2 section), third endocrine gland (hormone 3 secretion), target cell.

32
Q

insulin can be referred to as a ?

A

storage hormone

33
Q

insulin is a _____ hormone

A

1.peptide

34
Q

where is insulin produced?

A

pancreas by beta cells of islets of Langerhans

35
Q

what two cells do islets of Langerhans have?

A

alpha and beta

36
Q

what do the alpha cells of islets of Langerhans produce?

A

glucagon

37
Q

what does insulin act on?

A

muscle, adipose tissue and liver.

38
Q

give an example of humeral control.

A

insulin is released in response to changes in glucose levels, as plasma levels increase, beta cells produce insulin. Blood insulin increases and then travel to the target cells. insulin is removed from the blood and stored in cells.

39
Q

How does insulin work?

A

insulin binds to the receptor on the target cell, sets off signalling pathways, there’s vesicles with glucose transporter molecules in them. these vesicles move to the cell membrane and glucose transporter molecules fuse to membrane, they allow glucose to diffuse into the cell.

40
Q

what san insulin target cell?

A

The cell thats going to store all the glucose

41
Q

what do glucose transporter proteins increase?

A

increase rate of glucose entry in to the cells.

42
Q

How do muscles respond to an increase in insulin?

A

glucose is taken up then its converted into glycogen or amino acid uptake and protein synthesis

43
Q

How do fats respond to an increase in insulin?

A

glucose is taken up and leads to the synthesis or triglycerides

44
Q

How does the liver respond to an increase in insulin?

A

glucose is taken up its stored as glycogen, there’s synthesis of triglycerides but no ketone synthesis.

45
Q

How do muscles respond to a decrease in insulin?

A 
Glucose uptake is reduced, 
net glycogen catabolism 
net protein catabolism 
net amino acid release 
fatty acid uptake
46
Q

How do fats respond to an decrease in insulin?

A

Glucose uptake is reduced,

net triglyceride catabolism and release of glycerol and fatty acids

47
Q

How does the liver respond to an decrease in insulin?

A

glucose is released due to net glycogen catabolism and gluconeogenesis.
ketone synthesis increases.

48
Q

After food what increases?

A

plasma glucose levels

49
Q

what can stimulate insulin production?

A

plasma glucose increase, plasma amino acid increase, increases in parasympathetic activity.

50
Q

insulin can be controlled by the?

A

autonomic nervous system

51
Q

what can stop insulin production?

A

sympathetic activity

52
Q

where is Glucose-dependent insulinotopic peptide produced?

A

intestine

53
Q

Glucose-dependent insulinotopic peptide (GIP) responds to?

A

eating

54
Q

Glucose-dependent insulinotopic peptide produces insulin at a ___ level so you don’t get a ____ spike of insulin.

A
  1. low

2. huge

55
Q

Glucose-dependent insulinotopic peptide is known as?

A

GIP

56
Q

what 3 systems control insulin?

A

humeral control, autonomic nervous system and GIP

57
Q

what secretes GIP?

A

endocrine cells in the GI tract

58
Q

what inhibits insulin secretion?

A

sympathetic stimulation and increased adrenaline

59
Q

whats the Role of glycogen in glucose control?

A

low plasma glucose leads to islet alpha cells producing glucagon, plasma glucagon levels increase which leads to the production of glucose because amino acids, triglycerides and glycogen break down. Also increase in plasma ketone.

60
Q

if you’re failing to secrete insulin this means you have?

A

type 1 diabetes

61
Q

If you have an impaired response to insulin?

A

type 2 diabetes

62
Q

insulin deficiency can lead to pathway 1 which is?

A

You start depending on fatty tissue (lypolisis). You start producing ketones, hydroxybutyric acid andacetoacetic acid.
results in acidosis and coma.

63
Q

insulin deficiency can lead to pathway 2 which is?

A

High glucose levels (hyperglycaemia), induced diuresis (los of water) which means loss of sodium, blood volume decreases, results in low blood pressure, which can lead to a coma as inadequate blood delivery to brain.

64
Q

what are some treatments for low insulin?

A
  • Administer insulin
  • Administer Sulfonyl Ureas
  • transplant (pancreas, islet cells, stem cells)
65
Q

why does Sulfonyl Ureas help with low insulin?

A

stimulate beta cells to produce insulin

1st Year: Physiology and Anatomy (28 decks)

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