Semester 2: L7: Hormones 1 Flashcards

(59 cards)

1
Q

what are the 4 types of hormones?

A

Prostaglandins
Pheromones
Peptide hormones
Steroid hormones

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2
Q

is the hypothalamus a gland?

A

no

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3
Q

what doe stem hypothalamus do?

A

controls glands

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4
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A

above the kidneys

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5
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located?

A

straddles the trachea

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6
Q

where are the parathyroids glands located?

A

They are embedded in the back of the thyroid gland

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7
Q

How many parathyroids glands do we have?

A

4

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8
Q

what are Prostaglandins also known as?

A

local hormones

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9
Q

what type of hormone is adrenaline?

A

catecholamines

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10
Q

How does adrenaline work?

A
  1. Released into blood from adrenal glands
  2. Travels to target organ (liver)
  3. binds to receptors on the surface of target cells, causing a cascade of reactions involving enzymes
  4. Leads to the break down of glycogen to release glucose
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11
Q

Are peptide hormones slow or fast acting?

A

fast acting

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12
Q

what are slow acting hormones?

A

steroid hormones

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13
Q

why are peptide hormones fast acting?

A

they don’t have to synthesis new proteins

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14
Q

Name two types of steroid hormones?

A

Cortisol

Aldosterone

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15
Q

How do steroid hormones work?

A
  1. carried to target cell
  2. diffuse in through cell membrane
  3. Binds to receptors in nucleus.
  4. Here transcription and translation takes place to create new proteins.
  5. BACK
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16
Q

are steroid hormones soluble in blood?

A

They are not soluble in blood. Require carrier protein or equivalent.

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17
Q

Does thyroid hormone work similarly to a steroid hormone?

A

yes

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18
Q

What controls blood glucose?

A

Insulin and glucagon

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19
Q

What are the responsive hormones?

A

adrenalin - danger
cortisol - starvation
thyroxine - metabolic rate

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20
Q

Where is adrenaline produced?

A

in the medulla

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21
Q

Medulla produces…

A

catecholamines

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22
Q

what does the adrenal cortex produce?

A

steroid hormones

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23
Q

what does the cortex inner zone produce?

A

progesterone and testosterone

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24
Q

what does the middle zone of the cortex produce?

25
what doe stem outer zone of the adrenal cortex produce?
aldosterone
26
what is cortisol classed as?
glucocorticoid
27
what is aldosterone classed as?
mineralocorticoid
28
what is the adrenal medulla derived from?
sympathetic nervous system
29
are hormones mostly produced in the anterior or posterior pituitary ?
anterior
30
what does adrenaline do?
raises blood glucose increases heart rate lowers metabolism
31
how does adrenaline raise blood glucose levels?
- Liver glycogenolysis - Suppress insulin secretion - Stimulate glucagon secretion
32
what receptor is found on our heart muscle?
beta 1
33
Noradrenalin and adrenalin do what to voluntary muscle arterioles ?
causes the voluntary muscle arterioles to dilate via the beta 2 receptor
34
what happens to arterioles in skin, gut when adrenaline binds to its receptor?
adrenaline binds to alpha 1 receptor causing the arterioles in skin, gut to constrict
35
does adrenaline cause the dialation of the bronchi, if so what receptor is used?
yes and beta 2
36
what are the 2 type of receptors adrenaline has?
α and β
37
can β receptor's be blocked?
yes by β-blockers
38
what is the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis ?
controls reactions to stress and regulates many body processes
39
How is cortisol released?
CRh- released form hypothalamus stimulates anterior pituitary releasing ACTH enters the blood, travels o the adrenal gland, stimulates adrenal cortex, which produces the hormone cortisol.
40
What happens once cortisol is released?
Cortisol is released into the blood, moves to the target tissue.
41
what happens when cortisol goes to muscle and fat cells?
at muscle and fat cells it induces gluconeogenesis. 3. liver deamination of amino acids followed by gluconeogenesis
42
what happens when cortisol goes to the liver?
liver - deamination of amino acids followed by gluconeogenesis
43
what is deamination ?
Removal of amino group
44
what are the 3 levels of control?
``` Hypothalamus -corticotrophin releasing hormone Anterior pituitary - adrenocorticotrophic hormone Adrenal cortex - cortisol ```
45
Cortisol feeds back to pituitary and hypothalamus, this is known as ?
negative feedback
46
what happens when you have a low blood pressure level?
LBP is detected by the kidney by specific cells, which produce renin (enzyme), renin converts Angiotensinigen to angiotensin 1 and then ACE converts this too angiotensin 2, this stimulates the adrenal cortex, producing aldosterone. This increases reabsorption of water and sodium. BP rises.
47
what is renin?
an enzyme
48
what enzyme turns Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II ?
Angiotensin converting | Enzyme (ACE)
49
what can Angiotensin II lead too?
Aldosterone Vasopressin Vasoconstriction Bradykinin breakdown
50
what happens when you have high blood pressure?
?
51
what is Aldosteronism ?
High aldosterone levels
52
what does Aldosteronism | lead too?
high blood sodium which can cause hypertension | and Low blood potassium which can cause muscular paralysis
53
what is Addison’s Disease ?
Adrenocortical insufficiency
54
what are symptoms of Addison’s Disease ?
``` Low cortisol Mental lethargy Weight loss Low blood pressure Skin pigmentation ```
55
what is Cushing’s Syndrome?
an excess of cortisol
56
what are symptoms of Cushing’s Syndrome?
Fat redistribution (Moon Face) Easy bruising Poor wound healing Susceptibility to infection
57
what is linked very closely to na increase in cortisol levels?
stress
58
what can too much cortisol suppress?
Suppresses immune function
59
check last slide
last three points