Semester 2: L7: Hormones 1

Question 1

what are the 4 types of hormones?

Answer 1

Prostaglandins
Pheromones
Peptide hormones
Steroid hormones

Question 2

is the hypothalamus a gland?

Answer 2

no

Question 3

what doe stem hypothalamus do?

Answer 3

controls glands

Question 4

Where are the adrenal glands located?

Answer 4

above the kidneys

Question 5

Where is the thyroid gland located?

Answer 5

straddles the trachea

Question 6

where are the parathyroids glands located?

Answer 6

They are embedded in the back of the thyroid gland

Question 7

How many parathyroids glands do we have?

Answer 7

4

Question 8

what are Prostaglandins also known as?

Answer 8

local hormones

Question 9

what type of hormone is adrenaline?

Answer 9

catecholamines

Question 10

How does adrenaline work?

Answer 10

1. Released into blood from adrenal glands
2. Travels to target organ (liver)
3. binds to receptors on the surface of target cells, causing a cascade of reactions involving enzymes
4. Leads to the break down of glycogen to release glucose

Question 11

Are peptide hormones slow or fast acting?

Answer 11

fast acting

Question 12

what are slow acting hormones?

Answer 12

steroid hormones

Question 13

why are peptide hormones fast acting?

Answer 13

they don’t have to synthesis new proteins

Question 14

Name two types of steroid hormones?

Answer 14

Cortisol

Aldosterone

Question 15

How do steroid hormones work?

Answer 15

1. carried to target cell
2. diffuse in through cell membrane
3. Binds to receptors in nucleus.
4. Here transcription and translation takes place to create new proteins.
5. BACK

Question 16

are steroid hormones soluble in blood?

Answer 16

They are not soluble in blood. Require carrier protein or equivalent.

Question 17

Does thyroid hormone work similarly to a steroid hormone?

Answer 17

yes

Question 18

What controls blood glucose?

Answer 18

Insulin and glucagon

Question 19

What are the responsive hormones?

Answer 19

adrenalin - danger
cortisol - starvation
thyroxine - metabolic rate

Question 20

Where is adrenaline produced?

Answer 20

in the medulla

Question 21

Medulla produces…

Answer 21

catecholamines

Question 22

what does the adrenal cortex produce?

Answer 22

steroid hormones

Question 23

what does the cortex inner zone produce?

Answer 23

progesterone and testosterone

Question 24

what does the middle zone of the cortex produce?

Answer 24

cortisol

Question 25

what doe stem outer zone of the adrenal cortex produce?

Answer 25

aldosterone

Question 26

what is cortisol classed as?

Answer 26

glucocorticoid

Question 27

what is aldosterone classed as?

Answer 27

mineralocorticoid

Question 28

what is the adrenal medulla derived from?

Answer 28

sympathetic nervous system

Question 29

are hormones mostly produced in the anterior or posterior pituitary ?

Answer 29

anterior

Question 30

what does adrenaline do?

Answer 30

raises blood glucose increases heart rate lowers metabolism

Question 31

how does adrenaline raise blood glucose levels?

Answer 31

- Liver glycogenolysis - Suppress insulin secretion - Stimulate glucagon secretion

Question 32

what receptor is found on our heart muscle?

Answer 32

beta 1

Question 33

Noradrenalin and adrenalin do what to voluntary muscle arterioles ?

Answer 33

causes the voluntary muscle arterioles to dilate via the beta 2 receptor

Question 34

what happens to arterioles in skin, gut when adrenaline binds to its receptor?

Answer 34

adrenaline binds to alpha 1 receptor causing the arterioles in skin, gut to constrict

Question 35

does adrenaline cause the dialation of the bronchi, if so what receptor is used?

Answer 35

yes and beta 2

Question 36

what are the 2 type of receptors adrenaline has?

Answer 36

α and β

Question 37

can β receptor's be blocked?

Answer 37

yes by β-blockers

Question 38

what is the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis ?

Answer 38

controls reactions to stress and regulates many body processes

Question 39

How is cortisol released?

Answer 39

CRh- released form hypothalamus stimulates anterior pituitary releasing ACTH enters the blood, travels o the adrenal gland, stimulates adrenal cortex, which produces the hormone cortisol.

Question 40

What happens once cortisol is released?

Answer 40

Cortisol is released into the blood, moves to the target tissue.

Question 41

what happens when cortisol goes to muscle and fat cells?

Answer 41

at muscle and fat cells it induces gluconeogenesis. 3. liver deamination of amino acids followed by gluconeogenesis

Question 42

what happens when cortisol goes to the liver?

Answer 42

liver - deamination of amino acids followed by gluconeogenesis

Question 43

what is deamination ?

Answer 43

Removal of amino group

Question 44

what are the 3 levels of control?

Answer 44

``` Hypothalamus -corticotrophin releasing hormone Anterior pituitary - adrenocorticotrophic hormone Adrenal cortex - cortisol ```

Question 45

Cortisol feeds back to pituitary and hypothalamus, this is known as ?

Answer 45

negative feedback

Question 46

what happens when you have a low blood pressure level?

Answer 46

LBP is detected by the kidney by specific cells, which produce renin (enzyme), renin converts Angiotensinigen to angiotensin 1 and then ACE converts this too angiotensin 2, this stimulates the adrenal cortex, producing aldosterone. This increases reabsorption of water and sodium. BP rises.

Question 47

what is renin?

Answer 47

an enzyme

Question 48

what enzyme turns Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II ?

Answer 48

Angiotensin converting | Enzyme (ACE)

Question 49

what can Angiotensin II lead too?

Answer 49

Aldosterone Vasopressin Vasoconstriction Bradykinin breakdown

Question 50

what happens when you have high blood pressure?

Answer 50

?

Question 51

what is Aldosteronism ?

Answer 51

High aldosterone levels

Question 52

what does Aldosteronism | lead too?

Answer 52

high blood sodium which can cause hypertension | and Low blood potassium which can cause muscular paralysis

Question 53

what is Addison’s Disease ?

Answer 53

Adrenocortical insufficiency

Question 54

what are symptoms of Addison’s Disease ?

Answer 54

``` Low cortisol Mental lethargy Weight loss Low blood pressure Skin pigmentation ```

Question 55

what is Cushing’s Syndrome?

Answer 55

an excess of cortisol

Question 56

what are symptoms of Cushing’s Syndrome?

Answer 56

Fat redistribution (Moon Face) Easy bruising Poor wound healing Susceptibility to infection

Question 57

what is linked very closely to na increase in cortisol levels?

Answer 57

stress

Question 58

what can too much cortisol suppress?

Answer 58

Suppresses immune function

Question 59

check last slide

Answer 59

last three points