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1st Year: Physiology and Anatomy > Semester 2: L7: Hormones 1 > Flashcards

Semester 2: L7: Hormones 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 types of hormones?

A

Prostaglandins
Pheromones
Peptide hormones
Steroid hormones

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2
Q

is the hypothalamus a gland?

A

no

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3
Q

what doe stem hypothalamus do?

A

controls glands

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4
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A

above the kidneys

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5
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located?

A

straddles the trachea

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6
Q

where are the parathyroids glands located?

A

They are embedded in the back of the thyroid gland

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7
Q

How many parathyroids glands do we have?

A

4

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8
Q

what are Prostaglandins also known as?

A

local hormones

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9
Q

what type of hormone is adrenaline?

A

catecholamines

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10
Q

How does adrenaline work?

A
  1. Released into blood from adrenal glands
  2. Travels to target organ (liver)
  3. binds to receptors on the surface of target cells, causing a cascade of reactions involving enzymes
  4. Leads to the break down of glycogen to release glucose
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11
Q

Are peptide hormones slow or fast acting?

A

fast acting

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12
Q

what are slow acting hormones?

A

steroid hormones

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13
Q

why are peptide hormones fast acting?

A

they don’t have to synthesis new proteins

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14
Q

Name two types of steroid hormones?

A

Cortisol

Aldosterone

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15
Q

How do steroid hormones work?

A
  1. carried to target cell
  2. diffuse in through cell membrane
  3. Binds to receptors in nucleus.
  4. Here transcription and translation takes place to create new proteins.
  5. BACK
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16
Q

are steroid hormones soluble in blood?

A

They are not soluble in blood. Require carrier protein or equivalent.

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17
Q

Does thyroid hormone work similarly to a steroid hormone?

A

yes

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18
Q

What controls blood glucose?

A

Insulin and glucagon

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19
Q

What are the responsive hormones?

A

adrenalin - danger
cortisol - starvation
thyroxine - metabolic rate

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20
Q

Where is adrenaline produced?

A

in the medulla

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21
Q

Medulla produces…

A

catecholamines

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22
Q

what does the adrenal cortex produce?

A

steroid hormones

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23
Q

what does the cortex inner zone produce?

A

progesterone and testosterone

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24
Q

what does the middle zone of the cortex produce?

A

cortisol

25
Q

what doe stem outer zone of the adrenal cortex produce?

A

aldosterone

26
Q

what is cortisol classed as?

A

glucocorticoid

27
Q

what is aldosterone classed as?

A

mineralocorticoid

28
Q

what is the adrenal medulla derived from?

A

sympathetic nervous system

29
Q

are hormones mostly produced in the anterior or posterior pituitary ?

A

anterior

30
Q

what does adrenaline do?

A

raises blood glucose
increases heart rate
lowers metabolism

31
Q

how does adrenaline raise blood glucose levels?

A
  • Liver glycogenolysis
  • Suppress insulin secretion
  • Stimulate glucagon secretion
32
Q

what receptor is found on our heart muscle?

A

beta 1

33
Q

Noradrenalin and adrenalin do what to voluntary muscle arterioles ?

A

causes the voluntary muscle arterioles to dilate via the beta 2 receptor

34
Q

what happens to arterioles in skin, gut when adrenaline binds to its receptor?

A

adrenaline binds to alpha 1 receptor causing the arterioles in skin, gut to constrict

35
Q

does adrenaline cause the dialation of the bronchi, if so what receptor is used?

A

yes and beta 2

36
Q

what are the 2 type of receptors adrenaline has?

A

α and β

37
Q

can β receptor’s be blocked?

A

yes by β-blockers

38
Q

what is the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis ?

A

controls reactions to stress and regulates many body processes

39
Q

How is cortisol released?

A

CRh- released form hypothalamus
stimulates anterior pituitary
releasing ACTH
enters the blood, travels o the adrenal gland, stimulates adrenal cortex, which produces the hormone cortisol.

40
Q

What happens once cortisol is released?

A

Cortisol is released into the blood, moves to the target tissue.

41
Q

what happens when cortisol goes to muscle and fat cells?

A

at muscle and fat cells it induces gluconeogenesis.

  1. liver deamination of amino acids followed by gluconeogenesis
42
Q

what happens when cortisol goes to the liver?

A

liver - deamination of amino acids followed by gluconeogenesis

43
Q

what is deamination ?

A

Removal of amino group

44
Q

what are the 3 levels of control?

A 
Hypothalamus 
    -corticotrophin  
     releasing hormone 
Anterior pituitary 
    - adrenocorticotrophic
      hormone
Adrenal cortex 
    - cortisol
45
Q

Cortisol feeds back to pituitary and hypothalamus, this is known as ?

A

negative feedback

46
Q

what happens when you have a low blood pressure level?

A

LBP is detected by the kidney by specific cells, which produce renin (enzyme), renin converts Angiotensinigen to angiotensin 1 and then ACE converts this too angiotensin 2, this stimulates the adrenal cortex, producing aldosterone. This increases reabsorption of water and sodium. BP rises.

47
Q

what is renin?

A

an enzyme

48
Q

what enzyme turns Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II ?

A

Angiotensin converting

Enzyme (ACE)

49
Q

what can Angiotensin II lead too?

A

Aldosterone
Vasopressin
Vasoconstriction
Bradykinin breakdown

50
Q

what happens when you have high blood pressure?

A

?

51
Q

what is Aldosteronism ?

A

High aldosterone levels

52
Q

what does Aldosteronism

lead too?

A

high blood sodium which can cause hypertension

and Low blood potassium which can cause muscular paralysis

53
Q

what is Addison’s Disease ?

A

Adrenocortical insufficiency

54
Q

what are symptoms of Addison’s Disease ?

A 
Low cortisol
Mental lethargy
Weight loss 
Low blood pressure
Skin pigmentation
55
Q

what is Cushing’s Syndrome?

A

an excess of cortisol

56
Q

what are symptoms of Cushing’s Syndrome?

A

Fat redistribution (Moon Face)
Easy bruising
Poor wound healing
Susceptibility to infection

57
Q

what is linked very closely to na increase in cortisol levels?

A

stress

58
Q

what can too much cortisol suppress?

A

Suppresses immune function

59
Q

check last slide

A

last three points

1st Year: Physiology and Anatomy (28 decks)

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