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Flashcards in Stress Deck (20)
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1
Q

Define stress?

A

Pathophysiological changes following exposure to diverse physical/chemical/emotional changes

2
Q

What are the three output stress responses?

A

Behavioural
Autonomic nervous system
H-P-A axis

3
Q

Psychological stress can be divided into?

A
Controllable stress (self made)
Uncontrollable stress: external (bereavement) or internal (perfectionism)
4
Q

Which area of brain regulates fear?

A

Amygdala

5
Q

What is the function of the hippocampus?

A

Memory function

Formation of moods and emotions

6
Q

Where is Nor-epinepherine synthesised in the brain?

A
Locus corruleus (reticular formation)
(also in the lateral tegmental area)
7
Q

Which two hormones play a role in physiological adaptations to stress?

A

CRH

Nor-epi

8
Q

Where is CRH synthesised?

A

Paraventricular nucleus

9
Q

What is the major regulator of the H-P-A?

A

CRH

10
Q

What is the most important area of the brain in regards to sympathetic nervous system stress response?

A

Hypothalamus

11
Q

Between which vertebral levels is all the sympathetic innervation contained?

A

T1 - L2

12
Q

The hypothalamus has strong connections with which two regions in regards to sympathetic nervous output?

A

Reticular formation within the brainstem (Locus coruleus synthesises Nor-Epi)
Intermediolateral cell column of the spinal cord

13
Q

Name the two types of sympathetic nervous system ganglia?

A

Paravertebral (sympathetic chain)

Pre-vertebral (i.e. ceoliac ganglion)

14
Q

Where do pre-ganglionic sympathetic fibres synapse onto in the adrenal medulla?

A

Adrenal chromaffin cells

15
Q

What is the distribution ratio of Epi and nor-Epi from the adrenal medulla?

A

80:20

16
Q

What is the clinical set point defining tachycardia?

A

H.R>100 bpm

17
Q

What is the cause beneath sinus tachycardia?

A

Epi release acting on cardiac cells to increase the work of the heart

18
Q

What is the cause beneath supraventricular tachycardia?

A

Hyperventilation causing hypercapnia and therefore blood vessels vasoconstrict, as a result the ventricles of the heart must contract with greater force and work harder to maintain blood flow

19
Q

What is the clinical set point defining hypertension?

A

140(+)//90(+) mmHg

20
Q

What drug may be effective in treating the symptoms underlying PTSD and panic disorders?

A

Propanolol - non specific Beta blocker