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Human Anatomy > Test 2 Notes > Flashcards

Test 2 Notes Flashcards

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1
Q

Vaccines

A
  • viruses or bacteria, that are injected into your body in order to stimulate an immune response
  • antibodies injected into your body to confer a passive immunity to a specific antigen
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2
Q

Viruses or bacteria, that are injected into your body in order to stimulate an immune response

A

Vaccines

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3
Q

T-dependent antigens

A

Must have their antigenic determination sites presented to both B cells and T helper cells before antibody production can occur

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4
Q

Must have their antigenic determination sites presented to both B cells and T helper cells before antibody production can occur

A

T dependent antigens

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5
Q

After a macrophage consumes a virus, it may:

A
  • incorporate viral antigen determination sites into it’d MHC II makers
  • present viral determination sites to B-lymphocytes and T-helper lymphocytes
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6
Q

Which blood type contains anti-B antibodies

A

Type A and O

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7
Q

Which blood type has no antibodies

A

AB

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8
Q

Universal donor

A

Type O

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9
Q

During exposure to an antigen for the first time:

A
  • population of both B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes ar stimulated
  • first antibodies produced are in the IgM class
  • more than one pop of b-lymphocytes, each with different antigen receptors can be stimulated by the same antigen
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10
Q

T/F: antibodies may link particular antigens together so they cannot function

A

True

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11
Q

T/F: antibodies may neutralize by coating them, thereby blocking viral blocking viral binding sites and rendering bacterial toxins ineffective

A

True

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12
Q

T/F: antibodies may link soluble antigens to form an immobile precipitate that is then consumed by macrophages

A

True

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13
Q

T/F: antibodies may congregate to form pores in the membrane of cellular antigens thereby losing that cell antibodies may activate

A

False

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14
Q

T/F: antibodies may activate complement which forms an attack complex

A

True

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15
Q

A women with Rh blood has three children fathered by an Rh+ man. The first child was Rh- and the other two were Rh+, which child is at risk?

A

Only the third child would be at risk, because, after the mother gave birth to her second child, she may have produced anti-Rh antibodies

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16
Q

Which cells act as presenter cells when they place antigenic determination sites from an antigen on their MHC II markers?

A

Macrophages, dendritic cells, B-cells

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17
Q

Which cell type acquires IgE from tissue fluids

A

Plasma

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18
Q

T helper cells secrete —–

A

Interleukin 4

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19
Q

Antibodies have binding sites for

A

Specific antigens
Compliment proteins
Macrophages

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20
Q

Define immunocompetence:

A

The ability to recognize specific antigens

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21
Q

Immunocompetence develops in:

A

The bone marrow for lymphocytes that will eventually be able to secrete antibodies

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22
Q

Where to t-cytotoxic cells develop?

A

Thymus

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23
Q

You have reoccurring bouts of certain ailments such as the flu because

A

The antigen mutates frequently. Thereby rendering ineffective the memory cells produced

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24
Q

Define opsonization

A

Covering an antigen with antibodies that have macrophage binding sites on their constant regions, thereby facilitating phagocyte action of the macrophage

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25
Low levels of CO2 stimulate
Dilation of bronchioles and vasoconstriction of pulmonary arteries
26
What do the intercostals and diaphragm do during inhalation
Contract
27
Dead space:
Contains used air from the alveoli at the end of exhalation Must be less than the volume of tidal volume in order for alveolar ventilation to occur Represents an increasingly smaller percentage of TV as exercise and metabolic rate increase
28
When you LIVE at a high altitude your RBC manufacture:
More 2,3 DPG and this increases the P50 value of the hemoglobin saturation curve
29
When at a high alt. for a long time, you RBC develop:
A lower affinity to help in unloading O2 at tissues
30
Define surfactant:
Reduces surface tension in moist alveoli, thereby allowing them to expand when the chest cavity expands during inhalation
31
Carbon monoxide binds to
The heme of hemoglobin thereby preventing oxygen from binding to hemoglobin
32
Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal exhalation
Functional residual capacity
33
Location of vocal cords
Larynx
34
What happens when your metabolizing cells exchange the same number of CO2 and O2 molecules with the systemic blood?
The pO2 of the blood falls more than the pCO2 rises | O2 is less soluble
35
The total surface area of the small intestine is greater than that of the large intestine because:
- SI is 15x as long as the large intestine - SI possesses villi - the surface membranes of the epithelial cells of the small intestine are modified to microvilli
36
Cells of the stomach and pancreas that manufacture digestive enzymes do not digest themselves during this process because:
The enzymes are made in an inactive form
37
Intact proteins in the chyme within the stomach
Help to buffer the pH of the chyme against HCL secretion
38
A gastric ulcer is commonly caused by:
A bacterial toxin that erodes the stomach lining allowing the acid chyme to further erode the epithelial cells
39
what stimulates glucagon secretion
rise in blood glucose concentration
40
The Cephalic Phase of Gastric Function:
- Involves stimulation of the stomach lining by the vagus nerve of the parasympathetic nervous system - is set into motion by the sight, taste, and smell of food - is responsible for an increased blood flow to the stomach as well as an increase in the secretion of acid and pepsinogen
41
T/F: During the course of infection, a plasma cell can switch among the manufacture of various kinds of heavy chains, producing two or more different antibody classes with the same antigen specificity
True
42
T/F: One functional difference between your B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes is that B-cells have immune receptors that can bind directly with the determination sites on the surgace of certain antigens, whereas T cells recognize the antigens only when they are complexed with MHC marker on your cell
TRUE
43
Delayed onset, type 2 diabetes is characterized by a normal production of insulin by a reduced efficacy of that hormone
TRUE
44
An allergic reaction can turn into shock if the allergen enters the blood and causes system wise vasodilation leading to a drop in blood pressure
TRUE
45
Viruses can enter and replicate within RBC without detection by your immune system because RBC do not have the MHC I markers necessary to display antigen proteins to T cytotoxic cells
FALSE
46
Passive immunity is the production of memory cells in response to a natural infection, whereas active immunity is the production of memory cells in response to a vaccination
FALSE
47
You masticate your food to physically break the bonds among atoms, thereby helping to break molecules smalls enough to be taken up across membranes of the cells lining the digestive tract
FALSE
48
The function of myoglobin is to transfer oxygen to hemoglobin when pO2 levels in the blood get very low
FALSE
49
The hormone that acts both on the gall bladder to stimulate a contraction, and on the pancreas to stimulate secretion of digestive enzymes into the pancreatic juice
cholecystokinin (CKK)
50
The cytokine is produced by your body tissue cells (no monocytes) in response to viral infection and it stimulates the production of proteins that inhibit replication in uninfected neighboring cells
interferon
51
Specific metabolic process by which glucose is created from non carbohydrates in the liver
gluconeogenesis
52
The serous membrane that covers the outer wall of your abdominal cavity
parietal peritoneium
53
Mast cells, which secrete histamine during inflammation are derived from this type of leukocyte that circulates in the blood
Basophil
54
Structure common to digestive and reproductive tract
Pharynx
55
Process by which leukocytes leave the blood stream by squeezing through pores in capillary walls
diapedesis
56
In order to emulsify fats
Incerase surface area of lipid droplets, thereby creating more sites of enzymatic wide gradation by water soluble lipases
57
diapedesis
Process by which leukocytes leave the blood stream by squeezing through pores in capillary walls
58
parietal peritoneium
The serous membrane that covers the outer wall of your abdominal cavity
59
MHC Markers
Type of marker on every cell besides RBC
60
MHC I Marker
Self marker Label self, as self Active CD8 cells cause them to become cytotoxic t-cells Contain binding sites for fragments that are made INSIDE THE CELL
61
MHC II Marker
Presenter cells Incorporate fragments from proteins that were consumed by the cell show CD4 cells what invaders look like activate CD4 cells cause them to become helper t-cells found on dendritic cells, macrophages, and b-cells
62
Lymphocytes
Specific part of the immune system Have specific immune receptors Ex: B-cells
63
Parts of the nonspecific immune system
``` monocyte eosinophils neurophils basophils they are phagocytic ```
64
Cytokines
chemical messengers for immunity influence cell development, differentiation, and immune response
65
Attain immunocompetancy in bone marrow
Naive B-lymphocytes and CD4 markers
66
Macrophages
active form of monocytes, oresent antigens to T cells and become activated (monocyte--> macrophage)
67
B Cells
``` Specific immune cells have specific immune receptors present antigens when they activate, t cells are simultaneously activated stimulated by helper T cells ```
68
T-cells
specific immune cells
69
natural killer cells
non specific police the body in blood and lymph not phagocytic, kill by directly contacting target cell
70
Antigen Presenting Cells (3)
1. B cells 2. macrophages 3. dendritic cells
71
Dendritic cells
presenting cells promoter cells (engage other cells) present to CD8 and CD4 cells
72
chemotaxis
following an odor trail | how macrophages get to site of inflammation
73
interferon
chemicals produced by cell when it is invaded, helps protect other, healthy cells
74
CD8 cells
become cytotoxic T cells destroy cells that have been invaded mature in bone marrow activated by presentation of MHC I
75
CD4 cells
become helper T cells help activate B cells and other t cells activated by MHC II
76
mast cells
produce histamine during the inflammation response | incorporate circulating antibodies into their cell membranes
77
T cytotoxic cells
active form of CD8 cells | kill virus infected cells
78
T helper cells
bind only to MHC I complex
79
Plasama cells
secrete antibodies
80
macrophages
able to kill bacteria directly
81
visceral pleura
in physical contact with the lungs | covers the external surfaces
82
parietal pleura
lines the thoracic cavity
83
Swallowing reflect
larynx moves upward, uvula covers internal nares
84
obstruction of common bile duct by gallstones
effects fat digestion
85
cardia
part of stomach that meets the esophagus at the gastroesophageal sphincter
86
chloride shift
the exchange of Cl- with HCO2- n RBC as blood moves through capillaries
87
Inspiratory reserve volume
Max amount inhaled over resting inhalation
88
Expiratory reserve volume
Max vol of air exhaled over passive exhalation
89
Vital capacity
Max vol you can move in and out of your lungs

Human Anatomy (30 decks)

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