Respiration Lecture Notes

Question 1

Respiration

Answer 1

Gas Exchange

Question 2

Cellular Respiration

Answer 2

Uptake of O2 (to mitochondria)
Used as final electron acceptor in electron transport system (chain)
CO2 is produced when you break down pyruvate into acetyl groups
1. Produced as waste in cellular respiration

Question 3

Bulk Flow

Answer 3

Long distance within a medium

Question 4

Diffusion

Answer 4

Short distance within medium

Question 5

Ventilation

Answer 5

Movement of fluid (air) between environments and respiratory exchange surfaces in the lung
Ex: Bulk flow of O2 and CO2

Question 6

Endoderm

Answer 6

Lines the respiratory system and pockets out

Question 7

Pharynx

Answer 7

Common to both respiratory (air) and digestive (food) systems;
Between the internal nares and glottis

Question 8

Hypopharyngeal Sphincter

Answer 8

Closes off esophagus when you breath in so air does not go down;
Swallowing relaxes sphincter

Question 9

Swallowing Reflex

Answer 9

Larynx moves up and closes epiglottis;

Raising larynx seals glottis against epiglottis and relaxes sphincter

Question 10

Glottis

Answer 10

Opening to the windpipe

Question 11

T or F, Bronchioles can be adjusted by smooth muscles

Answer 11

T

Question 12

Alveoli

Answer 12

Little sacs which hold the air;

Walls of the aveoli → where gas is exchanged

Question 13

What is a lung?

Answer 13

Everything downstream of the trachea;
The lung = all the branches;
EX: bronchi, etc.
Large surface area for exchange;
We have two lungs

Question 14

Endoderm

Answer 14

Lines the respiratory system and pockets out

Question 15

Pharynx

Answer 15

Common to both respiratory (air) and digestive (food) systems;
Between the internal nares and glottis

Question 16

Hypopharyngeal Sphincter

Answer 16

Closes off esophagus when you breath in so air does not go down;
Swallowing relaxes sphincter

Question 17

Swallowing Reflex

Answer 17

Larynx moves up and closes epiglottis;

Raising larynx seals glottis against epiglottis and relaxes sphincter

Question 18

Glottis

Answer 18

Opening to the windpipe

Question 19

T or F, Bronchioles can be adjusted by smooth muscles

Answer 19

T

Question 20

Alveoli

Answer 20

Little sacs which hold the air;

Walls of the aveoli → where gas is exchanged

Question 21

What is a lung?

Answer 21

Everything downstream of the trachea;
The lung = all the branches;
EX: bronchi, etc.
Large surface area for exchange;
We have two lungs

Question 22

Rate of Ventilation

Answer 22

The faster you take away O2 in the pulmonary blood, the faster you need to ventilate (especially during exercise when blood flow increases)

Question 23

Flow

Answer 23

Change in Pressure / Resistance

Question 24

Why is it easy to pump a gas?

Answer 24

Viscosity is lower than a liquid;
Less resistance of the system;
Less resistance than the cardiovascular system;
Can get away with a low difference in pressure

Question 25

What happens when we inhale?

Answer 25

Stretch aveolis from the outside and increase pressure on the inside; Decrease the aveolar pressure below the atria pressure; Moves rib cage out and diaphragm drops down; Expand thoracic cavity, expand rib cage via external intercostal muscles; Stretches parietal pleura

Question 26

What happens when we exhale?

Answer 26

Increase aveolar pressure above atria pressure; Passive Expiration -- stop contracting external intercostal and diaphragm Active Exhalation -- contract intercostal muscles, abdominal muscles push abdominal visceral upwards against the diaphragm

Question 27

What happens to the parietal and visceral pleurae during inspiration?

Answer 27

Parietal stretches out during inspiration; | Visceral moves outward during inspiration

Question 28

Resting Tidal Volume

Answer 28

Volume of air moved out each breath (when resting)

Question 29

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

Answer 29

Maximum amount inhaled over resting inhalation

Question 30

Expiratory Reserve Volume

Answer 30

Maximum volume of air exhaled over passive exhalation

Question 31

Residual Volume

Answer 31

Volume of air that cannot be exhaled (left over after max exhalation)

Question 32

Total Lung Capacity

Answer 32

Maximum amount of air you can put in your lung; | RV + ERV + RTV + IRV

Question 33

Vital Capacity

Answer 33

Maximum volume you can move in and out of your lungs; | ERV + RTV + IRV

Question 34

Inspiratory Capacity

Answer 34

Max amount of air you can inhale after a normal/passive expiration; RTV = IRV

Question 35

Functional Residual Capacity

Answer 35

Volume of air remaining in lung after normal passive exhalation; ERV + RV

Question 36

Minute Volume

Answer 36

Vm (ml/min) Volume/Time Vm = Vt X BR mL air / min = (ml air/breath) x (breath/min)

Question 37

Cardiac Output

Answer 37

CO = SV x HR

Question 38

What happens if yo have poor ventilation?

Answer 38

CO2 concentration remains high; Dilation of bronchioles to make for better ventilation; Causes vasoconstriction of the arterioles; With long term abuse, the alveoli can get encapsulated and it will no longer take part in respiration

Question 39

T or F, does most of the air we breath reach the alveoli?

Answer 39

False, most the air we breath in does not reach the alveoli; Most air particles settle on the lining of the respiratory tract (bronchi, trachea, etc.); We secrete mucus from bronchioles to bronchi to trachea to pharynx where it is swallowed; air particles get trapped in the mucus to keep alveoli clean

Question 40

Composition of air

Answer 40

``` O2 = 21% N2 = 78% CO2 = .03% Argon = 1% ```

Question 41

Why is it hard to breath up on Mt Everest?

Answer 41

The composition of air can determine partial presure; pO2 = (.21)(760) = 159 mmHg partial pressure on everest is; pO2 = (.21)(234) = 44 mmHg; it is harder to breathe because there are fewer oxygen molecules per liter of air, there is a smaller driving force

Question 42

T or F, Tidal volume must exceed dead space volume in order to maintain high O2 concentration in alveoli

Answer 42

True

Question 43

Hemoglobin

Answer 43

4 globulin proteins; 1 heme in each; O2 has affinity to iron in heme

Question 44

Anemia

Answer 44

O2 content of blood is lower than it should be; | too little iron, too little hemoglobin, too few RBC

Question 45

Bohr Shift

Answer 45

Hemoglobin affinity for oxygen (how easily it attaches to heme) is a function of shape and proportion of globins; Change pH of blood, add acid, shift curve to the right; More CO2 added = more acidic, lower pH, shift right Normal pO2 at rest is 40 when blood leaves system; exercise lowers pO2

Question 46

T or F, Fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen?

Answer 46

This allows the fetus to extract oxygen easily from maternal blood when the two come close in proximity in the placenta By havening a higher affinity, it will take oxygen when the two bloods come in close contact

Question 47

Why do fetal hemoglobins have a higher affinity for oxygen?

Answer 47

Fetal globs cant bind to 2,3 DPT (diphosphoglyceride), like adult ones do, which is why they have a higher affinity

Question 48

Myoglobin

Answer 48

``` Has 1 globin and 1 heme Located in muscle cells Higher oxygen affinity than hemoglobin 100% saturated O2 stored in muscle tissue Enhances O2 diffusion ```

Question 49

How does myoglobin enhance O2 diffusion?

Answer 49

If you have myoglobin in the muscle cell, oxygen diffuses faster Over time, after endurance exercise, myoglobin builds up in the muscles cells

Question 50

How does the concentration of CO2 (acidity) regulate ventilation?

Answer 50

Your body uses CO2 levels, which causes a change in acidity As you exercise, CO2 levels build up in the blood→ becomes more acidic→ these levels are picked up→ ventilation is regulated to decrease levels

Question 51

What happens when you hyperventilate too much?

Answer 51

You get rid of CO2 faster than you are making it As a consequence, your blood becomes less acidic (more basic) than it should be CO2 levels need to build up to what they should be after Causes APNEA (no breath, no breathing) to build up levels of CO2 after losing too much Hyperventilation leads to apnea If you hyperventilate in a paper bag, apnea does not occur because you inhale CO2 rich gases from the bag, you will not become alkaline, therefore, CO2 levels do not need to be built up

Question 52

T or F, does the extraction of O2 from air (into the pulmonary blood) have to match the extraction of O2 from systemic blood (into cells)

Answer 52

T; when you exercise everything happens at a higher rate

Question 53

Aerobic Metabolism

Answer 53

Can measure metabolism by heat production

Question 54

Oxygen Consumption

Answer 54

VO2, the amount of O2 extracted from systemic blood by cells per minute VO2 = (CO) x (Conc O2 in the arterioles - Conc of O2 in venous blood)

Question 55

Flow of blood

Answer 55

Cardiac Output

Question 56

Amount of O2 extracted per mL

Answer 56

(O2 concentration of arteriole blood - O2 concentration of venous blood)

Question 57

VO2 consumed

Answer 57

(CO)(Concentration of O2 in the arterioles - O2 concentration of blood in venous blood); or (Minute Volume)(Amount of Oxygen extracted per mL of air); (Minute Volume = Tidal Vol)(BR)(CO2 inhaled - CO2 exhaled)