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Post Test 2 Notes Flashcards

1
Q

The corpus luteum causes the secretion of which 2 sex steroids?

A

Estrodiol

progesterone

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1
Q

an erection is caused by

A

a change in blood flow

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2
Q

What causes ovulation?

A

A spike in estrogen

uterine wall becomes thicker

perfect time to implant an egg

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2
Q

outer portion of the kidney

A

renal cortex

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3
Q

How do birth control pills work?

A

Gives estrogen and progesterone without LH therefore woman cannot ovulate

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3
Q

Sexual excitement (in males) leads to:

A

IN THE PENIS:

  • decrease SYMPATHETIC
  • increase PARASYMPATHETIC
  • dilation of arterioles
  • increase blood flow

IN THE HEART:

  • increase SYMPATHETIC
  • increase HR and CO
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4
Q

Emission

A

movement of sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory duct and secretion from seminal vesicles and prostate (caused by sympathetic input to smooth muscles)

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4
Q

how does the kidney filter out blood?

A

solutes leave the base of the medulla as URINE and is drained into the RENAL PELVIS

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5
Q

renal medulla

A

inner portion of the kidney

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7
Q

What are pregnancy tests testing for?

A

Chorionic Gonadotrophin

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8
Q

Ejaculation

A

Moving sperm through the urethra out of the body

comination of parasymathetic and sympathetic input

follows emission

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10
Q

Fetal hormone only present in mother when she is pregnant

Acts like LH

A

Chorionic Gonadotrophin

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11
Q

4 embryonic membranes

A
  1. amnion
  2. chorion
  3. allantois
  4. yolk sac
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11
Q

inner portion of the kidney

A

renal medulla

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12
Q

Renal Development

A

Kidney structures develop frm back to front

1st structure: pronephros

2nd structure: Mesonephros tubules

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14
Q

Estrogen and Progesterone cause

A

shut down LH production

atrophy of corpus luteum

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15
Q

Moving sperm through the urethra out of the body

comination of parasymathetic and sympathetic input

follows emission

A

Ejaculation

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17
Q

movement of sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory duct and secretion from seminal vesicles and prostate (caused by sympathetic input to smooth muscles)

A

Emission

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19
Q

FSH

A

Stimulates follicles to grow

increases recepors of LH

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20
Q

Sympathetic activity to bulbourethral gland

A

Lubrication

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21
Q

renal cortex

A

outer portion of the kidney

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22
Q

Lubrication

A

Sympathetic activity to bulbourethral gland

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23
Q

What happens when a woman gets pregnant?

A

Secondary oocyte comes into contact with sperm

uterine lining is maintained by:

high estrogen and progesterone levels

chorionic gonadotrophin is released from placenta in order to maintain corpus luteum

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24
Q

Where is urine collected

A

ureter

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25
where everything is drained into
renal pelvis
26
Path of urine through the kidney
nephron --\> glomerulus--\> bowman's capsule--\> proximal convoluted tubule --\> loop of henle--\> distal convoluted tubule--\> collecting duct--\> major calyx--\> minor calyx--\> renal pelvis--\> ureter--\> bladder--\> urethra--\> urethral orifice
27
2 types of nephrons
Cortical nephron and juxta medullary nephron
28
bowman's capsule
after glomerulus and before proximal convoluted tubule has two layers surrounds glomerulus
29
Cortical nephrons
has short loops of henle 85% of nephrons in kidney located in cortex of kidney
30
Junta medullary nephron
Served by the efferent and afferent arerioles
31
what is the cause of blood movement through bowman's capsule?
pressure changes
32
what is the flomerular filtration rate
115-125 ml fluid/min
33
job of proximal tubule
reabsorb fluids 65% of fluids that enter the proximal tubule are reabsorbed fluids that leave the promixal tubule has a different conentration than when they entered
34
diabetes mellitus
too high of blood glucose transporters are overwhelmed in the distal tubule which leads to glucose going through the distal tubule into urine
35
Job of the distal tubule
regulate salt content does not change the concentration of fluid
36
Function of the loop of henle
set up concentration gradient in the intersitial fluid inthe medulla increase the concentration going down and decrease the concentration going up the filtrate is less concentrated when it leaves compared to what enters
37
What happens if you drink 800 ml of water
you will want impermeable walls of the collecting duct (water will not be reabsorbed, dilute urine will be excreted) INHIBIT ADH
38
How is the permeability of the collecting duct changed?
Hormones from the posterior pituitary ADH
39
ADH
causes you to retain water makes collecting duct permeable to water decrease osmo conc--\> means you have lost water, inhibits ADH increase osmo conc--\> stimulate ADH
40
Aldosterone
causes an uptake of sodium and water in order to maintain blood volume
41
Macula Densa Cells
sensitive to sodium concentration in the filtrate inhibit grandular cells from secreting renin
42
syngamy
the fusion of two games
43
the fusion of two gametes
syngamy
44
spermatogenesis
creations of sperm
45
spermeogeneis
maturation of sperm (meiosis 1 to meisois 2) spermatocytes--\> spermatids
46
where is sperm stored
epididymus
47
this gland produced alkaline fluid to combat acidit of the femal vagina
prostate gland
48
this gland lubrcates the urethra prior to ejaculation
bulbourethral gland
49
process of ejaculation
- semen moves down stream via contractions - shaft of penis becomes engored with blood - must occur at the right temperature
50
creanactor muscles
muscles that attach to tissues, when the muscles contract, the testes become closer to the abdomen
51
if a male has a hernia it is this type
inguinal
52
where sperm is stored
seminiferous tubules
53
long tube that runs from the oary to the uterus
fallopian tube
54
surround ovary, but do not touch them
fimbare
55
both of these hormones are from the pituitary gland
FSH and LH
56
Luteal Phase
uterine forms pits perfect for implantation
57
follicles
ovarian tissue surrounding germ-line cells
58
LH
acts on the intersitial cells to cause stimulation causes the stimulation of the sex steroid acts on the nearby cells in the testesresponsible for maintaining and forming the corpus luteum
59
2 phases of the ovarian cycle
follicular phase-14 days luteal phase-14 days
60
what separates the two ovarian phases?
ovulation
61
medial eminence
give off hormones into the blood
62
gonadotrophin releasing hormone
comes off the hypothalamus and travels through the portal vein to the anterior pituitary and causes them to release hormones
63
inhibin
produced by the nurse cells when testosterone is too high \*inhibits the hypothalamus inhibits FSH production
64
Estrogen
causes proliferation of the uterus makes the uterine wall thicker makes it a perfect place for implantation
65
Renal Development
Pronephron--\> pronephric duct--\> mesonephros tubules--\> mesonephric duct
66
amion
surrounds developing embry filled with fluid maintains shape of embry shock absorber
67
what is the name of the structure that breaks when a womans water breaks?
amnionic sac
68
chorion
along with allantois, forms the placenta
69
Allantois
sac-like out pocket of the gut tube helps form the placenta
70
yolk sac
humans have very small yolk sacs because fetus gets most of its nourishment from the mother's blood
71
klinefelters syndrome
genetically female with masuline features XXY results from nondisjunction
72
downs syndrome
more common with older mothers result of non disjunction
73
non disjunction
abnormal segregation of chromosomes during meiosis
74
Tuner's Syndrome
X- female characeristics
75
Puberty
Brain matures and sends different levels of releasing hormones (release gonadotrophins) girls being oogenesis
76
Ovulation
Sending oocyte with zone pellucida and coronaradiata surrounding it if the secondary oocyte is not fertilized, it atrophies
77
Capcitation
process of sperm gaining the ability to fertilize the secondary oocyte
78
acrosome
contains digestive enzymes head of the sperm
79
Acrosome reaction
when the head of the sperm opens up and releases digestive enzymes when the sperm meets corona radiation
80
Cortical Reaction
When sperm meets ooxyte membrane release of corticalgrangules are triggered
81
Ectopic pregnancy
implantation that does not occur in the uterus
82
most common place for an ectopic pregnancy to occur
fallopian tube
83
3 embrylogical tissues
ectoderm mesoderm endoderm
84
Ectoderm
Surrounds the yolk sac
85
the endoderm forms the
gut tube
86
embryonic stage
0-9 weeks when most of the differentiation occurs
87
fetal stage
9 weeks-birth when most of the growing occurs
88
chorionic gonadotrophin
allows mother to maintain corus luteum like LH
89
Chorionic somatotrophin
Placental lactogen growth hormone
90
How do chronic somatotrophin/placental lactogen effect the mother?
Reduce glucose uptake (more glucose in blood available for the fetus) (this is why some women become diabetic during pregnancy) Sitmulates lipolysis (higher fat content in blood for baby)
91
Chronic Thryotrophin
acts on mother's thyroid gland
92
Parathyroid hormone
if calcium levels get too low, this hormone breaks down the mother's bones to provide the baby with calcium
93
Relaxin
stimulated by the corpus luteum relaxes the femal structures softens cerix and makes opening bigger breaks down connective tissue of cervix and pubic symphasis
94
Estrogen's effect on the uterus
increases the number of gap junctions between myometria cells allows it to act like a single uit increases the number of receptors to oxytocin in the myometrium
95
oxytocin
stimulates contractions from posterior pituitary glad
96
surfactant
produced by the baby towards the end of development leaks into amniotic fluid
97
Corticotrophin releasing hormone
released by the placenta stimulates anterior pituitary gland to secrete adrenal corititrophic hormone
98
Adrenalcoticotrophic hormone
causes adrenal gland to produce a variety of molecules such as cortisal and DHEA

Human Anatomy (30 decks)

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