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Human Anatomy > More Digestion Notes from Old Notes > Flashcards

More Digestion Notes from Old Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Ingestion

A

take food into digestive tract

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2
Q

Mastication

A

physical breakdown of large clumps into small clumps to increase surface area for digestive enzymes

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3
Q

Digestion

A

Chemical breakdown of large molecules into small molecules that can be absorbed

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4
Q

Absorption

A

Movement of molecules into tissues of body across membrane

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5
Q

Egestion

A

Elimination of materials from GI tract
Defecation
Vomiting

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6
Q

Purpose of Saliva

A

To create a solution for digestive enzymes to work since they are water soluble

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7
Q

Chyme

A

Term for material moving through GI tract

Made up of water + food + enzyme + etc.

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8
Q

Amylase

A

In saliva that digest amylose (a starch)

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9
Q

Where does digestion begin?

A

Begins in the mouth, but the bulk of digestion occurs downstream

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10
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Rhythmic contractions

Used in the movement of food from the esophagus to the stomach

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11
Q

Overall look at the GI tract

A 
Oral cavity
 Mastication and some carbohydrate digestion
Pharynx
 Transport
Esophagus
 Transport
Stomach
 Storage and protein digestion
Small intestine
 Digestion and absorption
Large intestine
 Salt and water absorption
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12
Q

Name the accessory organs and their function

A

Salivary Glands - saliva
Pancreas - pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes
Liver - bile which aids in lipid digestion (it doesn’t digest lipid, only aids in digestion of)
• ^^ These are not part of digestive tract, they add material to GI tract

Teeth
Tongue

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13
Q

T/F: The hypopharyngeal sphincter normally closes off the esophagus when we are not swallowing

A

T

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14
Q

What is the function of the gastroesophageal sphincter?

A

A gastroesophageal sphincter near the stomach area of the esophagus at diaphragm keeps material that has entered the stomach from going back up to the esophagus

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15
Q

What is heartburn?

A

Movement of acid chyme upstream to esophagus and the gastroesophageal sphincter has failed doing its job

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16
Q

Regions & Purpose of the Stomach

A

There are muscles in the stomach that churn the chyme and allow it to move downstream and enter the small intestines
Portion where esophagus comes in is called the cardiac region
The portion that bulges out is called the Fundus
The central part is called the body
The very end where it meets the intestines is called the pyloris
○ There is a pyloric sphincter there which closes off and keeps material in the stomach
○ We use small intestine to digest and absorb but we don’t want to overwhelm it
○ Therefore, we want to allow food to enter in small portions at a rate that the small intestine can process it

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17
Q

Goblet Cells

A

Secrete alkaline mucous which will form a barrier on top of the epithelial cells of stomach to help prevent acid contact with cells
There is also constant replacement of stomach lining cells every 4 day or so

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18
Q

Purpose of G cells

A

Secrete Gastrin

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19
Q

Parietal Cells

A

Secrete HCl
Lowers pH in chyme
□ More protein you eat in food, the more acid you secrete
□ Low pH needed to maintain shape of pepsin to keep it active
H+ denatures proteins in food
□ This allows easier cleaving of peptide bonds by pepsin
H+ also kill many (but not all) bacteria in food

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20
Q

Helicobacter pylori

A

Can secrete cytotoxin that will erode epithelial lining of the stomach, leaving the cell exposed to acid causing gastric ulcer

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21
Q

Chief Cells

A

Secrete Pepsinogen

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22
Q

What is Pepsinogen?

A

Pepsinogen is an inactive digestive enzyme that is converted into pepsin (active enzyme) in the presence of high acid (H+) produced by parietal cell

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23
Q

What is Pepsin?

A

Pepsin is a protease that breaks down proteins into protein fragments at specific peptide sites

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24
Q

Where does most protein digestion occur?

A

Protein digestion begins in stomach, but pepsin does not break down all amino acids
Most protein digestion occurs in small intestines

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25
What is Zymogen?
An inactive form of a protease secreted in the small intestine
26
Regions of the small intestine
Duodenum - upper region Jejunum - middle region Illeum - lower region
27
Duodenum
Where the bile and pancreatic duct empties into | Acid chyme enters here
28
What is the role of the small intestine?
Digestion | Absorption
29
Movement in the small intestines
Peristalsis - moves chyme downstream | Segmentation - mixing the chyme
30
Amylase
Present in saliva that breaks down amylose (a plant starch)
31
Glycogen
Animal starch
32
Cellulose
Most common complex carbohydrate Major component of all plant cell walls Broken down by cellulase; humans cannot make cellulase to break it down
33
Glucose and Galactose are monosaccharides that are taken up by
Secondary Active Transport
34
Fructose is a monosaccharide taken up by
Facilitated diffusion
35
T/F: Emulsification is the breaking of chemical bonds among lipid atoms
F We enhance the digestion of lipids by creating more surface area via the process of emulsification of lipids (breakup of clump of lipid)
36
Bile Salts
Emulsifying agents Derived from cholesterol Created in the liver Must have a polar region
37
Purpose of Liver
Makes Bile, a fluid containing bile salts and bilirubin Does not make digestive enzymes, only aids in breakup of lipids Used in converting many of the metabolic materials, it is a metabolic interconversion organ
38
Bile
Fluid of Bile Salts and Bilirubin
39
Bilirubin
Breakdown product of old heme from hemoglobin, broken down in the spleen/bone marrow Attached to plasma proteins for transport Cannot be filtered at kidneys because it is attached
40
Bacteria convert biliruben into urobilinogen which is
Excreted in feces Absorbed across walls of large intestine and enters blood Urobilinogen is water soluble and then filtered out (in kidney) and enters urine This is how to get rid of heme from the body Urobilinogen is what makes urine yellow which originally comes form the heme in the red blood cells
41
The inner sheet that surrounds the gut tube
Visceral Peritoneum
42
The place where two serous membranes come together and attach to the body wall
Mesenteries
43
The place where 2 serous membrane connect to each other and connects 2 organs is called
Omentum
44
Gastric Function
Secrete Pepsinogen and HCl
45
The Cephalic Phase of Stomach
Brain Control Sight/smell/taste of food will trigger salivary gland secretion Vagus nerve stimulates: a. Parietal cells -> HCl secretion b. Chief cells -> pepsinogen secretion c. G cells -> gastrin hormone  Acts on chief and parietal cells to increase HCl and pepsinogen  It starts the process before even eating the food, generates some protein fragments for later positive feedback loop d. Increased blood flow to the stomach
46
The Gastric Phase
Protein Fragments trigger: Gastrin secretion (also HCl and pepsinogen secretion) Gastric will go into blood and act on chief and parietal cell to increase pepsinogen and HCl If pepsinogen and HCl secretion is increased, you will break down more proteins, hence make more fragments which will make more gastrin Positive feedback loop
47
How does the Gastric Phase end?
Gastrin production is inhibited by very low pH (high acidity) but the pH never falls to very low levels until intact proteins are fragmented Intact proteins are buffers, pH will be high when digesting and low once we finished This will end the positive feedback loop to stop gastrin production
48
GIP
Gastric Inhibitory Protein Circulates in the blood and act on the stomach to inhibit secretion and the emptying of the chyme by slowing down smooth muscle action GIP also acts on pancreas to initiate insulin secretion into blood
49
How to indicate the duodenum is full, thus slow down stomach action to prevent more chyme from entering small intestine
If the walls of the duodenum are stretched that would indicated that the duodenum is full If there is an increase in the osmotic concentration of chyme in duodenum also indicate duodenum is not done with its job If there is a high level of lipids in the duodenum
50
Hormones from the small intestine (and stomach)
Secretin from duodenum in response to low pH of chyme Act on pancreas to secrete HCO3- This will neutralize the acidity of the chyme Cholecystokinin(CCK)secreted from the duodenum in response to high lipid in chyme, acts on pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes
51
Vitamins
Organic molecules usually coenzymes that are important in regulating certain reactions that we cant make but need in our diet
52
Anabolism
Synthesis | Building something from smaller units
53
Catabolism
Breakdown of large units into smaller units
54
Hypoglycemic
Low blood sugar
55
If there is too low blood glucose levels what happens to the brain
If glucose concentration is low, the concentration gradient is much weaker so the cells cannot get glucose at the rate they need it In particular, the brain runs on glucose Too low [glucose] blood means the brain cant metabolize properly and a person passes out
56
If there is too high blood glucose levels what happens to the brain?
Too high [glucose] blood is also bad, some cells are damaged by high glucose In particular, the photoreceptors in the eye
57
Hyperglycemic
High blood sugar
58
Insulin
Lowers [glucose] blood and [amino acid] (thereby promoting its uptake)
59
Glucagon
Raises [glucose]blood(thereby promoting glycogen stores to be used)
60
After eating a meal high in carbohydrates
Increase in [glucose]blood stimulates insulin secretion and inhibits glucagon secretion Insulin: Glucagon ratio rises and therefore cell uptake of glucose rises and glycogen breakdown falls
61
What happens to insulin when we fast
Decrease in [glucose]blood during fasting (we use up our glucose) will stimulate glucagon secretion and inhibit insulin secretion Insulin: Glucagon ratio falls and cell uptake of glucose will fall as glycogen breakdown increases to return [glucose]blood to normal
62
What happens when we eat a protein rich meal
Rise in [amino acid]blood stimulates both β and α cells therefore both insulin and glucagon are secreted
63
Diabetes Mellitus
Kidney cant keep up and glucose gets excreted in the urine | "Sweet Urine"
64
Type 1 Diabetes
Insulin not being secreted enough after a meal | Early onset usually
65
Type 2 Diabetes
Insulin not acting on target cells Late onset Couch potato disease Can be reversible by changes in lifestyle
66
Gluconeogensis
The creation of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors | Liver converts amino acids to keto acids to glucose
67
Glucose Sparing
Liver converts fatty acids to ketones which goes to all tissue except for nervous tissue
68
Glycogenolysis
To maintain blood glucose levels the glycogen in the liver is broken up to glucose and given to the blood breakdown of glycogen into glucose in the liver to maintain [glucose]blood
69
Epinephrine
From adrenal medulla Increases circulating substrates during fight or flight response Causes glycogenolysis and lipolysis
70
Cortisol
From cortex Promotes ketogenesis and lipolysis in the adipose tissues These will stimulate liver to make enzymes needed for gluconeogenesis Also stimulate muscle cells to release amino acids so they can be used to make glucose by liver (gluconeogenesis)
71
ACTH
adrenocorticotrophic hormone from anterior pituitary Acts on the adrenal cortex Stimulates the secretion of cortisol and other glucocorticoid
72
Thyroxine
From thyroid gland Generally increases metabolism Needed to grow properly in early years of life
73
Growth Hormone
``` From anterior pituitary Works with thyroxine Stimulates Anabolism in tissue-growth Secreted after a meal Helps use of amino acids to convert to protein ```

Human Anatomy (30 decks)

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