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1. Science 10 > Text A Chemistry 2.3: Properties Of Acids And Bases > Flashcards

Text A Chemistry 2.3: Properties Of Acids And Bases Flashcards

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1
Q

What is lactic acid and when is it produced?

A

Lactic acid is produced during intense exercise when the energy-releasing process of cell metabolism surpasses the supply of oxygen to muscle cells

Lactic acid reduces the ability of muscle tissue to contract and causes pain.

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2
Q

What is a defining characteristic of acids?

A

Acids have a sour taste

Acids are also used to remove rust and process metals due to their chemical properties.

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3
Q

What is a defining characteristic of bases?

A

Bases have a bitter taste and a slippery feel

An example of a base is quinine, which is found in tonic water.

Quinine is a bitter, crystalline alkaloid powder extracted from the bark of the South American cinchona tree. It’s been used for centuries by the Quechua of South America and as an antimalarial drug

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4
Q

What are some common uses of bases?

A

Common uses of bases include:
* Cleaning products
* Medical drugs like lidocaine

Bases must be handled with care due to their corrosive nature.

Lidocaine belongs to the family of medicines called local anesthetics. This medicine prevents pain by blocking the signals at the nerve endings in the skin. This medicine does not cause unconsciousness as general anesthetics do when used for surgery.

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5
Q

Who proposed the theory of acids and bases based on their behavior in water?

A

Svanté Arrhenius

This theory was proposed in 1884.

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6
Q

What is the definition of an acid according to Arrhenius?

A

An acid is a substance that reacts and releases hydrogen ions, H⁺, in a water solution.

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7
Q

What happens when hydrogen chloride gas (HCl) is dissolved in water?

A

It forms hydrogen ions (H⁺) and chloride ions (Cl⁻).

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8
Q

True or False: Pure water conducts electricity.

A

False

Pure water does not conduct electricity, but acidic and basic solutions do because they contain freely moving ions.

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9
Q

Fill in the blank: Acids are known for their _______ taste.

A

sour

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10
Q

Fill in the blank: Bases are known for their _______ taste and slippery feel.

A

bitter

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11
Q

What are some examples of important acids and their uses?

A

Examples include:
* Acetic acid - used in vinegar
* Sulfuric acid - used in car batteries

Table 2.9 provides specific examples.

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12
Q

How do some anthropods use the properties of acids?

A

They produce corrosive acids to deter predators or mark pathways.

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13
Q

What ions are present in equal quantities in pure water?

A

Hydrogen ions (H⁺) and hydroxide ions (OH⁻)

Pure water contains a tiny proportion of ionized H₂O molecules that dissociate into H⁺ and OH⁻ ions.

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14
Q

What is the formula for sulfuric acid?

A

H₂SO₄

Sulfuric acid is one of the important acids listed.

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15
Q

What is the formula for nitric acid?

A

HNO₃

Nitric acid is used in various industrial applications.

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16
Q

What is the formula for hydrochloric acid?

A

HCl

Hydrochloric acid is commonly used in laboratories and industries.

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17
Q

What is the formula for carbonic acid?

A

H₂CO₃

Carbonic acid is often found in carbonated beverages.

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18
Q

What is another name for ethanoic acid?

A

Acetic acid

Ethanoic acid is commonly referred to as vinegar in household contexts.

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19
Q

What defines a base according to Arrhenius?

A

A substance that dissolves in water and releases hydroxide ions (OH⁻)

This definition helps classify many compounds as bases.

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20
Q

What is the formula for sodium hydroxide?

A

NaOH

Sodium hydroxide is a widely used industrial base.

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21
Q

What happens when sodium hydroxide dissolves in water?

A

It releases hydroxide ions (OH⁻) and sodium ions (Na⁺)

This reaction confirms its basicity.

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22
Q

What is the common name for sodium hydroxide?

A

Lye

Lye is used in various applications including soaps and drain cleaners.

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23
Q

What is the formula for potassium hydroxide?

A

KOH

Potassium hydroxide is also a strong base used in various industries.

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24
Q

What is the formula for ammonium hydroxide?

A

NH₄OH

Ammonium hydroxide is used in cleaning products.

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25
What are indicators used for?
To determine whether a solution is acidic or basic ## Footnote Indicators change color based on the concentration of H⁺ or OH⁻ ions.
26
What color does litmus turn in acidic solutions?
Red ## Footnote Litmus is a common acid-base indicator.
27
What color does phenolphthalein turn in basic solutions?
Pink ## Footnote Phenolphthalein is colorless in acids.
28
Fill in the blank: An acid-base indicator is a chemical that changes color in response to the concentration of _______ ions in a solution.
hydrogen or hydroxide ## Footnote This change in color helps identify the nature of the solution.
29
What is a characteristic of many common acids and bases?
They form colorless solutions ## Footnote These solutions can appear similar to water but may be hazardous.
30
What scale do chemists use to express the acidic or basic nature of a solution?
pH scale ## Footnote The pH scale typically ranges from 0 to 14.
31
What does the pH of a solution express?
The quantity of hydrogen ions, H⁺, in each litre of a solution ## Footnote The pH scale is an exponent of measurements expressed as powers of 10.
32
What is the pH of pure water?
7 ## Footnote Solutions with a pH of 7 are considered neutral.
33
What type of solutions have a pH less than 7?
Acidic solutions ## Footnote Acids have more hydrogen ions than neutral solutions.
34
What type of solutions have a pH greater than 7?
Basic solutions ## Footnote Bases have fewer hydrogen ions than neutral solutions.
35
What is litmus paper made from?
Litmus solution extracted from lichens ## Footnote Lichens are plant-like members of the Kingdom Fungi.
36
What does a pH of 1 indicate in terms of hydrogen ion concentration?
1,000,000 (10⁹) times more H⁺ than a solution with a pH of 6 ## Footnote This demonstrates the exponential nature of the pH scale.
37
What does the symbol 'pH' stand for?
Power of the hydrogen ion concentration ## Footnote pH values are dimensionless and have no units.
38
What are two other scales that are similar to the pH scale?
Richter scale and decibel scale ## Footnote Both are exponential scales that express different types of measurements.
39
Fill in the blank: Solutions with a pH of 7 are said to be _______.
neutral ## Footnote Neutral solutions are neither acidic nor basic.
40
True or False: A solution with a pH of 14 is considered acidic.
False ## Footnote A pH of 14 indicates a highly basic solution.
41
What is sodium hydroxide commonly known as?
Lye ## Footnote Sodium hydroxide is used in various applications, including soap making.
42
From which term does the word 'lye' derive?
Alkaline ## Footnote 'Alkaline' refers to a basic solution.
43
What is a basic substance called?
Alkali ## Footnote The term 'alkali' comes from an Arabic word meaning 'ashes of saltwort.'
44
What historical process was used to produce soap?
Mixing water poured through plant ashes with animal fat ## Footnote This process highlights the chemical reactions involved in soap making.
45
What are two common methods to find the pH of a solution?
pH paper and pH meter ## Footnote pH meters are more precise but also more expensive and delicate.
46
What do indicators in pH paper do?
Turn different colours depending on pH values ## Footnote This visual change helps classify solutions as acidic or basic.
47
What is a property of acids regarding taste?
Taste sour ## Footnote Common examples include lemons, limes, and vinegar.
48
What happens to acids when mixed with bases?
They lose their acidic properties ## Footnote This reaction results in a neutralization process.
49
What is a common characteristic of bases regarding taste?
Taste bitter ## Footnote Quinine in tonic water is an example of a bitter base.
50
What colour does phenolphthalein turn in a basic solution?
Pink ## Footnote This change indicates the presence of a base.
51
What colour do acids turn blue litmus paper?
Red ## Footnote This is a classic test for acidity.
52
What visual change occurs to hydrangea flowers in acidic soil?
They are blue ## Footnote This phenomenon makes hydrangeas natural acid-base indicators.
53
What is a common example of an acid that can burn skin?
Sulfuric acid ## Footnote Often referred to as 'battery acid.'
54
What is a common characteristic of bases regarding feel?
Feel slippery ## Footnote Soap is a well-known example of a base that has this property.
55
What happens to bases when mixed with acids?
They lose their basic properties ## Footnote This is part of the neutralization process in chemistry.
56
CAUTION: Never ______ chemicals in the laboratory.
taste ## Footnote This is a standard safety guideline in chemistry labs.
57
CAUTION: Never deliberately ______ chemicals in the laboratory.
touch ## Footnote This is another important safety guideline.
58
What is the name for the acid with the formula H2SO4?
sulfuric acid ## Footnote It is also called aqueous hydrogen sulfate.
59
What is the name for the acid with the formula H2SO3?
sulfurous acid ## Footnote It is also called aqueous hydrogen sulfite.
60
What is the name for the acid with the formula HCl?
hydrochloric acid ## Footnote It is also called aqueous hydrogen chloride.
61
What is the naming convention for acids that contain hydrogen and polyatomic ions with oxygen?
Names of the acids are related to the names of the polyatomic ions.
62
How are solutions of compounds named 'hydrogen ide' designated?
They are named 'hydrolic acid.'
63
How are solutions of compounds named 'hydrogen ate' designated?
They are named 'lic acid.'
64
How are solutions of compounds named 'hydrogen per ate' designated?
They are named 'peric acid.'
65
How are solutions of compounds named 'hydrogen ite' designated?
They are named 'ous acid.'
66
How are solutions of compounds named 'hydrogen hypoite' designated?
They are named 'hypoous acid.'
67
What is the name for the acid with the formula HClO3?
chloric acid ## Footnote It is also called aqueous hydrogen chlorate.
68
What is the name for the acid with the formula HClO2?
chlorous acid ## Footnote It is also called aqueous hydrogen chlorite.
69
What is the name for the acid with the formula HClO?
hypochlorous acid ## Footnote It is also called aqueous hydrogen hypochlorite.
70
Fill in the blank: Acids that are based on chains of carbon atoms are called ______.
organic acids.
71
What is the formula for ethanoic acid?
CH3COOH ## Footnote Ethanoic acid is also called acetic acid.
72
What is the name for the acid with the formula HClO4?
perchloric acid.
73
What is the name for the acid with the formula HClO3?
chloric acid.
74
What is the name for the acid with the formula HClO2?
chlorous acid.
75
What is the name for the acid with the formula HClO?
hypochlorous acid.
76
True or False: Aqueous hydrogen chloride is also called hydrochloric acid.
True.
77
What are the distinctive chemical properties of acids?
Strong acids react noticeably with metals, producing hydrogen gas and consuming the metal. They also react with living tissue, making spills hazardous.
78
What happens when acids and bases react with each other?
They neutralize each other, losing their acidic and basic properties.
79
What is produced when hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide?
Water and sodium chloride.
80
What is the result of mixing the correct amounts of acid and base?
The solutions become salt dissolved in water.
81
What is an example of a chemical that can act both as an acid and a base?
Sodium hydrogencarbonate (baking soda).
82
Why is baking soda often included in safety supplies in chemical laboratories?
It dissolves readily and can safely neutralize spilled acids or bases.
83
Fill in the blank: Baking soda is also known as _______.
sodium hydrogencarbonate.
84
True or False: Acids are safe to handle without precautions.
False.
85
What type of safety supplies are commonly used in labs for chemical spills?
* Spill-absorbing pillows * Cat litter * Baking soda
86
What is the purpose of neutralization reactions in large-scale cleanups?
To neutralize hazardous materials, such as sulfuric acid spills.
87
What substances are commonly used to neutralize sulfuric acid spills?
* Sodium hydrogencarbonate * Calcium oxide
88
What is the pH of pure water?
7.0
89
What is sulfuric acid used for in industrial applications?
* Making detergents * Pharmaceuticals * Rayon fibres * Dyes * Paper * Petroleum refining * Metal processing
90
What is the first step emergency teams take when responding to a sulfuric acid spill?
Contain and clean up the spill.
91
Fill in the blank: The resulting material from neutralizing sulfuric acid is carried away for _______.
[proper disposal]
92
What key properties of water will be explored in the final section of Chapter 2?
The properties essential to life on Earth.
93
True or False: Neutralization reactions can be used to clean up spills of substances other than acids.
True

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