Text A Chemistry: 3.3 Types Of Chemical Reactions

Question 1

What compounds do fertilizers contain that are easily used by plants?

Answer 1

Nitrogen compounds such as ammonia

Ammonia is crucial for plant growth as it provides essential nitrogen.

Question 2

What is the reaction for producing ammonia?

Answer 2

N₂(g) + 3H₂(g) → 2NH₃(g) + thermal energy

This is an exothermic reaction that releases energy.

Question 3

What is the role of energy released by the formation reaction between liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen?

Answer 3

Helps to propel the space shuttle into orbit

This reaction produces water vapor and thermal energy.

Question 4

What are the five broad categories chemists use to classify reactions?

Answer 4

• Formation (or synthesis) reactions
• Decomposition reactions
• Single-replacement reactions
• Double-replacement reactions
• Hydrocarbon combustion

Each category provides insights into the types of chemical processes occurring.

Question 5

What occurs in a formation (or synthesis) reaction?

Answer 5

Two or more reactants combine to produce a new product

The general equation is X + Y → XY.

Question 6

What is the general equation for a decomposition reaction?

Answer 6

XY → X + Y

Decomposition reactions break down a compound into simpler substances.

Question 7

What is an example of a decomposition reaction involving water?

Answer 7

H2O(l) → H2(g) + O2(g)

This process is called electrolysis.

Question 8

What happens when ammonium nitrate is heated?

Answer 8

It explodes, forming dinitrogen monoxide and water

The reaction is NH4NO3(s) → N2O(g) + 2H2O(g).

Question 9

What is the opposite of a formation reaction?

Answer 9

Decomposition reaction

In decomposition, a single compound breaks down into multiple products.

Question 10

What type of reaction is represented by the equation 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(g) + thermal energy?

Answer 10

Formation reaction

This reaction demonstrates the synthesis of water from hydrogen and oxygen.

Question 11

What occurs in a single-replacement reaction?

Answer 11

One element takes the place of another element in a compound.

Question 12

What are the general forms of equations for a single-replacement reaction?

Answer 12

• A + BX → AX + B
• AX + Y → AY + X

Question 13

Which metals are able to displace hydrogen from water in single-replacement reactions?

Answer 13

All the alkali metals.

Question 14

Provide the balanced equation for the reaction between sodium and water.

Answer 14

2Na(g) + 2H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g) + thermal energy.

Question 15

What happens when magnesium reacts with hydrochloric acid?

Answer 15

It generates hydrogen gas.

Question 16

Provide the balanced equation for the reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid.

Answer 16

Mg + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)

Question 17

How can silver be recovered from a solution containing silver ions?

Answer 17

By using copper.

Question 18

Provide the balanced equation for the recovery of silver using copper.

Answer 18

2AgNO3(aq) + Cu(s) → Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2Ag(s)

Question 19

What is involved in a double-replacement reaction?

Answer 19

The cations of two different compounds exchange places.

Question 20

What is the general form of the equation for a double-replacement reaction?

Answer 20

WX + YZ → WZ + YX

Question 21

What are the typical products of double-replacement reactions?

Answer 21

A precipitate or water.

Question 22

Provide an example of a double-replacement reaction that forms a precipitate.

Answer 22

barium hydroxide + sodium sulfate → barium sulfate + sodium hydroxide.

Question 23

What is a special kind of double-replacement reaction called?

Answer 23

Neutralization.

Question 24

Provide the balanced equation for the neutralization reaction between sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid.

Answer 24

NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

Question 25

True or False: The single-replacement reaction between sodium and water produces enough thermal energy to ignite some substances.

Answer 25

True.

Question 26

Fill in the blank: When hydrogen hydroxide combines with sodium, a sodium atom takes the place of the _______ atom.

Answer 26

hydrogen

Question 27

What do the displaced hydrogen atoms form when sodium replaces hydrogen in water?

Answer 27

Hydrogen gas.

Question 28

What is the study of carbon-containing compounds and their properties called?

Answer 28

Organic chemistry ## Footnote Organic chemistry encompasses the study of most compounds that contain carbon.

Question 29

What percentage of hydrocarbons derived from crude oil and natural gas are burned as fuels?

Answer 29

About 95 percent ## Footnote These hydrocarbons are primarily used in exothermic combustion reactions.

Question 30

What are hydrocarbons?

Answer 30

Organic compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen ## Footnote Hydrocarbons can be derived from crude oil and natural gas.

Question 31

What is the chemical reaction equation for complete combustion of hydrocarbons?

Answer 31

hydrocarbon + oxygen gas → carbon dioxide + water + thermal energy ## Footnote This reaction occurs in a plentiful supply of oxygen.

Question 32

Which carbon-containing compounds are not considered organic?

Answer 32

Carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and ionic carbonates ## Footnote These compounds do not meet the criteria for organic classification.

Question 33

What is crude oil primarily formed from?

Answer 33

Remains of organisms that lived millions of years ago ## Footnote Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons.

Question 34

What is the second most common liquid on Earth?

Answer 34

Crude oil ## Footnote Its prevalence is due to its formation from biological materials over geological time.

Question 35

What is produced during complete combustion of hydrocarbons?

Answer 35

Carbon dioxide and water vapour ## Footnote Additionally, thermal energy is released during this process.

Question 36

Fill in the blank: The study of carbon-containing compounds and their properties is called _______.

Answer 36

[Organic chemistry]

Question 37

True or False: Organic compounds outnumber inorganic compounds.

Answer 37

True ## Footnote Millions of different organic compounds exist compared to inorganic ones.

Question 38

What is the result of burning hydrocarbons in a poor supply of oxygen?

Answer 38

Incomplete combustion occurs ## Footnote Incomplete combustion produces less thermal energy than complete combustion.

Question 39

What are the products of incomplete combustion?

Answer 39

Carbon dioxide, water, carbon (soot), and carbon monoxide ## Footnote Carbon monoxide is a highly toxic gas.

Question 40

What is carbon monoxide and why is it dangerous?

Answer 40

A colourless, odourless, highly toxic gas that interferes with oxygen transport in the body ## Footnote It bonds 200 times more strongly to hemoglobin than oxygen.

Question 41

How does carbon monoxide affect hemoglobin?

Answer 41

It reduces the amount of oxygen that can bind to hemoglobin ## Footnote This can lead to cell death.

Question 42

What precaution should be taken to reduce carbon monoxide poisoning risk?

Answer 42

Never operate fuel-burning apparatus without proper ventilation ## Footnote Proper ventilation is essential for safety.

Question 43

What is the standard chemical test for hydrogen?

Answer 43

A burning wooden splint is lowered into the gas ## Footnote Positive result: explosive 'pop' sound and flame extinguishes.

Question 44

What happens if the gas tested is carbon dioxide during the hydrogen test?

Answer 44

The flame will be extinguished with no 'pop' sound ## Footnote This indicates the absence of hydrogen.

Question 45

What is the standard chemical test for oxygen?

Answer 45

A glowing wooden splint is lowered into the gas ## Footnote Positive result: the splint ignites if oxygen is present.

Question 46

What does a glowing splint not igniting indicate?

Answer 46

The gas is not oxygen or may stop glowing completely ## Footnote This suggests the presence of carbon dioxide or another gas.

Question 47

What is the test for carbon dioxide using limewater?

Answer 47

Limewater is added to the unknown gas ## Footnote Positive result: limewater becomes milky if carbon dioxide is present.

Question 48

What indicates the presence of water using cobalt(II) chloride paper?

Answer 48

The blue cobalt(II) chloride paper turns pink ## Footnote This confirms the presence of water.

Question 49

What is the negative result for the water test using cobalt(II) chloride paper?

Answer 49

The paper stays blue ## Footnote This means water is not present.

Question 50

What is the simplest hydrocarbon mentioned in the text?

Answer 50

Methane (CH4) ## Footnote Methane is commonly found in natural gas.

Question 51

What is a complete combustion reaction example provided?

Answer 51

CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) + thermal energy ## Footnote This reaction releases thermal energy.