Text D Energy Flow 10.2 Thermal Energy Transfer Flashcards
(104 cards)
1
Q
What percentage of Earth’s surface is covered with water?
A
Nearly 70 percent
2
Q
What plays a major role in the absorption and distribution of thermal energy on a large scale on Earth?
A
Water
3
Q
What is specific heat capacity?
A
The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of a substance by 1°C
4
Q
What is the formula to calculate the amount of heat (Q) required?
A
Q = mcΔT
5
Q
In the formula Q = mcΔT, what does ‘m’ represent?
A
Mass in grams (g)
6
Q
In the formula Q = mcΔT, what does ‘c’ represent?
A
Specific heat capacity in J/g°C
7
Q
In the formula Q = mcΔT, what does ‘ΔT’ represent?
A
Change in temperature in °C
8
Q
If initial and final temperatures are given, how do you calculate ΔT?
A
ΔT = T2 - T1
9
Q
What is the specific heat capacity of pure water?
A
4.19 J/g°C
10
Q
What is the specific heat capacity of steam?
A
2.02 J/g°C
11
Q
What is the specific heat capacity of ice?
A
2.00 J/g°C
12
Q
What is the specific heat capacity of sea water?
A
3.89 J/g°C
13
Q
What is the specific heat capacity of dry air?
A
1.00 J/g°C
14
Q
What is the specific heat capacity of moist air?
A
1.15 J/g°C (varies)
15
Q
True or False: Water has a higher specific heat capacity than air.
A
True
16
Q
What are the three basic mechanisms of energy transfer?
A
Conduction, convection, and radiation
17
Q
Fill in the blank: The atmosphere absorbs _______ radiation as the principal source of energy.
A
solar
18
Q
What is the significance of specific heat capacity in relation to thermal energy?
A
It influences how substances absorb and distribute thermal energy
19
Q
How does the specific heat capacity of moist air compare to dry air?
A
Moist air has a higher specific heat capacity than dry air
20
Q
Why might the air in the Atacama Desert be cool and dry despite proximity to the ocean?
A
Low moisture content in the air
21
Q
What does rearranging an equation help with in problem-solving?
A
It simplifies substitution of numbers for variables
22
Q
What is the specific heat capacity of moist air compared to dry air?
A
Slightly greater than that of dry air
This means that moist air can store more heat energy than dry air.
23
Q
What is the range of water vapor content in air?
A
Almost none to five percent of the mass of the air
This variability affects the specific heat capacity of moist air.
24
Q
What does the symbol A (delta) represent in science?
A
A change or calculated difference
For example, AT indicates a change in temperature.
25
How can one remember the meaning of the symbol delta?
By recalling that a delta is a triangular tract of deposited earth at the mouth of a river
## Footnote
The shape of the letter delta resembles a spreading river delta, which continuously changes.
26
Fill in the blank: The specific heat capacity of moist air can vary due to the amount of _______ in the air.
water vapor
27
What is the greenhouse effect in relation to Venus?
Venus retains most radiation entering its atmosphere due to thick gases and clouds, exemplifying the greenhouse effect.
## Footnote
This leads to extremely high surface temperatures on Venus.
28
How does Mars's atmosphere affect radiation?
Mars has a thin atmosphere that allows much radiation to escape.
## Footnote
This results in lower surface temperatures compared to Earth.
29
What is the role of Earth's atmosphere in energy balance?
Earth's atmosphere creates a delicate balance between energy received and energy lost.
## Footnote
This balance is crucial for maintaining a stable climate.
30
What is conduction in the context of energy transfer?
Conduction is the transfer of energy through collisions between energetic molecules in the ground or water and air molecules close to the surface.
## Footnote
This process heats the air near the surface.
31
What occurs after conduction heats the air?
Convection occurs as warm air rises and cooler air descends.
## Footnote
This circulation helps distribute heat throughout the atmosphere.
32
What happens to air as it warms through conduction?
The warmed air expands, becoming less dense and rising.
## Footnote
This is based on the principle that less dense fluids rise while more dense fluids fall.
33
What role does radiation play in heating the air?
Radiation transfers thermal energy to the air, with greenhouse gases absorbing long-wave infrared radiation emitted by Earth.
## Footnote
This absorption is a major source of heat for the air close to the surface.
34
What types of radiation do greenhouse gases absorb?
Greenhouse gases absorb longer wavelength, or infrared radiation.
## Footnote
This is crucial for maintaining warmth in the atmosphere.
35
Fill in the blank: The mechanisms for transferring solar energy include ______, convection, and radiation.
conduction
## Footnote
These mechanisms work together to heat the air.
36
What is the effect of specific heat capacities on temperature variations?
Differences in specific heat capacities of land, water, and air result in varying temperatures for substances on and just above Earth's surface.
## Footnote
This can lead to different climatic zones.
37
True or False: Medium-wavelength solar radiation is efficiently absorbed by air.
False
## Footnote
The components of air are inefficient at absorbing medium-wavelength solar radiation.
38
What is the energy required to melt ice called?
Heat of fusion (Hs)
## Footnote
The heat of fusion is the amount of energy needed to convert a solid into a liquid at its melting point.
39
What is the energy required to convert a liquid to a gas called?
Heat of vaporization (Hyap)
## Footnote
The heat of vaporization is the amount of energy needed to convert a liquid into a gas at its boiling point.
40
What happens to the temperature of a substance during a phase change?
It does not change
## Footnote
During phase changes, such as melting or boiling, the temperature remains constant as energy is absorbed or released.
41
What is the phase change called when a gas turns into a liquid?
Condensation
## Footnote
Condensation is the process where vapor turns into liquid, releasing energy.
42
Fill in the blank: The amount of energy released when a mole of substance freezes is the same as the amount required to _______.
melt it
## Footnote
This reflects the conservation of energy during phase changes.
43
True or False: Water is the only substance that occurs in all three states of matter at normal temperatures and pressures on Earth.
True
## Footnote
Water can exist as a solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (vapor) under typical Earth conditions.
44
What is the formula to calculate the energy required for melting?
Q = nHfus
## Footnote
Q is the amount of heat in joules, n is the number of moles, and Hfus is the heat of fusion.
45
What is the significance of the high values of heat of fusion and vaporization for water?
They indicate water's ability to absorb or release large amounts of energy
## Footnote
This property plays a crucial role in climate and weather patterns.
46
List some common substances with their heats of fusion (Hfus) in J/mol.
* Water: 6.01 J/mol
* Ammonia: 5.66 J/mol
* Methanol: 3.22 J/mol
* Nitrogen: 0.71 J/mol
* Oxygen: 0.44 J/mol
## Footnote
These values represent the energy needed to melt each respective substance.
47
What is the relationship between the heat of vaporization and the heat released during condensation?
They are equal
## Footnote
The energy required to convert a liquid to a gas is the same as the energy released during condensation.
48
What happens if steam condenses on skin?
It can cause a very serious burn.
49
What is the process called when a substance changes from a gas directly into a solid?
Sublimation.
50
What does water vapour form on cold surfaces?
Frost.
51
What is an example of sublimation in nature?
Snow and ice 'disappearing' during a warm spring wind.
52
How does water's heat absorption and release affect weather and climate?
It influences temperature stability and climate moderation.
53
What percentage of incoming solar radiation do oceans, lakes, and rivers absorb?
About 93 percent.
54
What is the specific heat capacity of water?
4.19 J/g•°C.
55
Why do large bodies of water have a moderating effect on nearby air temperatures?
They absorb and release heat slowly.
56
What is the heat of vaporization for water?
40.68 kJ/mol.
57
What is required for water to evaporate?
A large amount of energy to break the attractive forces among water molecules.
58
What occurs during condensation?
Water must lose a lot of energy to form bonds.
59
What is evaporative cooling?
When water molecules absorb heat from their surroundings, causing them to lose energy and cool.
60
What type of fish behavior is influenced by water temperature?
Fish seek the optimum temperature within a narrow range.
61
What is the heat released during freezing called?
Heat of fusion.
62
What is the heat absorbed during melting called?
Heat of vaporization.
63
What does the heat of sublimation equal?
The sum of the heats of fusion and vaporization.
64
True or False: Some scientists use the term deposition to describe the conversion from a gas to a solid.
True.
65
How much water can a cornfield of 1 ha transpire daily?
37,000 L
## Footnote
This highlights the significant role of vegetation in the water cycle.
66
What is the heat of fusion for water?
6.01 kJ/mol
## Footnote
This is the energy required for water to change from liquid to solid.
67
What happens to water when it cools below 4°C?
It expands and continues to expand until it freezes at 0°C
## Footnote
This property allows ice to float on liquid water.
68
What is the hydrologic cycle?
The circulation of water among the oceans, land, and the atmosphere.
69
What is evapotranspiration?
The evaporation of water from plants and soil.
70
What percentage of atmospheric water comes from evapotranspiration?
About 10 percent.
71
What is the residence time of atmospheric water?
Approximately 10 days.
72
What drives the water cycle?
Solar energy.
73
What forms clouds in the atmosphere?
Condensation of water vapor when it loses heat or when the air is oversaturated.
74
What do tiny particles in the atmosphere help with?
They collect water molecules to form droplets or ice crystals.
75
What types of precipitation can water fall as?
* Rain
* Hail
* Snow
* Sleet
76
Where does precipitation on the sea return water?
Directly to the ocean.
77
What happens to precipitation on land?
It can accumulate in streams, rivers, and lakes that flow to the oceans or seep into the ground.
78
True or False: Ice has a higher density than liquid water.
False.
79
Fill in the blank: The total amount of water in the air can cover Earth with a layer about ______ deep.
2.5 cm.
80
What is the significance of surface ice on a lake or pond in winter?
It forms an insulating layer that slows the transfer of heat from the warmer water beneath to the cooler air above.
81
What is the hydrologic cycle?
The continuous movement of water through evaporation, condensation, and precipitation
## Footnote
The hydrologic cycle also includes the storage of water in underground aquifers and its flow to the ocean.
82
What energy transformation occurs during evaporation?
Energy is absorbed
## Footnote
This process involves water turning from liquid to vapor.
83
What happens when water vapor condenses?
Thermal energy is released into the surroundings
## Footnote
This process leads to the formation of rain or snow.
84
How does water influence weather and climate?
By absorbing and distributing thermal energy
## Footnote
This affects temperature and weather patterns globally.
85
What are the three methods of energy transfer?
* Radiation
* Conduction
* Convection
## Footnote
Each method plays a role in how thermal energy is distributed.
86
What occurs during conduction?
Thermal energy is transferred through molecular collisions
## Footnote
Rapidly moving molecules collide with slower ones, transferring heat.
87
What is convection?
The distribution of thermal energy by moving bodies of air and water
## Footnote
This process is essential for weather patterns and ocean currents.
88
What happens when water changes phase?
Heat is absorbed or released
## Footnote
This includes transitions between liquid, gas, and solid states.
89
What is heat of vaporization?
The amount of thermal energy required to change a liquid to vapor
## Footnote
It is also the energy released when vapor condenses back to liquid.
90
What is heat of fusion?
The amount of thermal energy required to change a solid to a liquid
## Footnote
It is also the energy released when a liquid freezes to become solid.
91
What are some unique properties of water?
* High specific heat capacity
* High heat of vaporization
* High heat of fusion
## Footnote
These properties significantly influence heat distribution and climate.
92
Fill in the blank: Water has a high _______ that influences the distribution of heat on Earth.
specific heat capacity
## Footnote
This property allows water to absorb a lot of heat without a significant temperature change.
93
What is the hydrologic cycle?
The continuous movement of water through evaporation, condensation, and precipitation
## Footnote
The hydrologic cycle also includes the storage of water in underground aquifers and its flow to the ocean.
94
What energy transformation occurs during evaporation?
Energy is absorbed
## Footnote
This process involves water turning from liquid to vapor.
95
What happens when water vapor condenses?
Thermal energy is released into the surroundings
## Footnote
This process leads to the formation of rain or snow.
96
How does water influence weather and climate?
By absorbing and distributing thermal energy
## Footnote
This affects temperature and weather patterns globally.
97
What are the three methods of energy transfer?
* Radiation
* Conduction
* Convection
## Footnote
Each method plays a role in how thermal energy is distributed.
98
What occurs during conduction?
Thermal energy is transferred through molecular collisions
## Footnote
Rapidly moving molecules collide with slower ones, transferring heat.
99
What is convection?
The distribution of thermal energy by moving bodies of air and water
## Footnote
This process is essential for weather patterns and ocean currents.
100
What happens when water changes phase?
Heat is absorbed or released
## Footnote
This includes transitions between liquid, gas, and solid states.
101
What is heat of vaporization?
The amount of thermal energy required to change a liquid to vapor
## Footnote
It is also the energy released when vapor condenses back to liquid.
102
What is heat of fusion?
The amount of thermal energy required to change a solid to a liquid
## Footnote
It is also the energy released when a liquid freezes to become solid.
103
What are some unique properties of water?
* High specific heat capacity
* High heat of vaporization
* High heat of fusion
## Footnote
These properties significantly influence heat distribution and climate.
104
Fill in the blank: Water has a high _______ that influences the distribution of heat on Earth.
specific heat capacity
## Footnote
This property allows water to absorb a lot of heat without a significant temperature change.
