Thermotherapy Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
True or False:
Humans are hemotherms
A
True
2
Q
What does being a hemotherm mean
A
We are able to maintain our core temperature at a constant temp
3
Q
What is the normal core temperature
A
98.6
4
Q
What is diunral changes
A
Lower core temp in the am vs pm
5
Q
True of False:
Older people tend to have lower core temperatures
A
True
6
Q
What is the outside of the body referred to as
A
The shell
7
Q
What is heat
A
Energy in transit from a higher temperature object to a lower temperature object
8
Q
What type of energy is kinetic energy
A
Thermal energy
9
Q
True or False:
Thermal potential energy remains constant so long as the phase of matter does not change
A
True
10
Q
True or False:
Once water hits 32 the temperature remains the same until all of the water is frozen or melted
A
True
11
Q
What is latent heat of fusion
A
The amount of heat required to convert a certain unit of a solid into a similar unit of a liquid without changing temperature
12
Q
True or False:
A gel pack is able to withdraw more heat from the body compared to an ice pack
A
False
13
Q
Why does an ice pack remove more heat than a gel pack even if the gel pack is colder
A
Due to the phase change of the ice pack
14
Q
What temperature is considered extremely cold
A
32-55 F
1-13 C
15
Q
What temperature is considered cold
A
55-65 F
13-18 C
16
Q
What temperature is considered cool
A
65-80 F
18-27 C
17
Q
What temperature is considered tepid
A
80-92 F
27-33.5 C
18
Q
What temperature is considered neutral
A
92-96 F
33.5-35.5 C
19
Q
What temperature is considered warm
A
96-98 F
35.5-36.5 C
20
Q
What temperature is considered hot
A
98-104 F
36.5-40.0 C
21
Q
What temperature is considered extremely hot
A
104-113 F
40-46 C
22
Q
What is maximum tolerance
A
113-115 F
45-46 C
23
Q
What is the first law of thermodynamics
A
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed it can only change from one state to another
24
Q
What is specific heat
A
The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a given material by 1 C
25
Specific heat can be seen as an objects ability to what
Store heat
26
What does a higher specific heat mean
It can store a higher amount of heat
27
How long does it take for a hot pack to heat up again
30 minutes
28
What is conduction
The exchange of energy between 2 materials at different temperatures due to the direct collision between molecules
29
When does heat transfer stop
When the molecular movements of both objects is the same speed
30
What does the rate of heat transfer (ROHT) by conduction depend on (4)
1. Temperature difference between materials
2. Their thermal conductivity (ability to transmit heat
3. The area in contact
4. Tissue thickness
31
What temperature is the water that the hot packs are kept in
155-165 F
32
What is convection
The transfer of heat as the result of direct contact between a circulating medium and another material of a different temperature
33
In convection heat transfer is the thermal agent in constant motion or static
Constant motion
34
Examples of convection heat transfer (5)
1. Whirlpool
2. Fluidtherapy
3. Blood
4. Oven
5. Central air
35
What is conversion
Converting a non thermal form of energy into heat
36
What are the 2 types of conversion heat transfer
Mechanical and chemical
37
Examples of mechanical conversion heat transfer (2)
Ultrasound and friction
38
Examples of chemical conversion heat transfer (1)
Acid on metal
39
In conversion heat transfer what does the ROHT depend on
Power of the energy source
40
Does conversion heat transfer require direct contact
No
41
What is radiation heat transfer
Direct transfer of energy without direct contact or intervening medium
42
What does the rate of temperature increase depend on for radiation heat transfer (5)
1. Intensity of radiation
2. Relative size of the radiation source
3. Relative size of the radiated area
4. the distance of the source to the target tissue
5. The angle of the radiation source to the target tissue
43
True or False:
| A material must absorb energy before it can evaporate
True
44
What is thermotherapy
The therapeutic application of heat
45
How is thermotherapy used in rehabilitation (4)
1. Hemodynamic effects
2. Neuromuscular effects
3. Metabolic effects
4. Altered tissue extensibility
46
What is hemodynamics
What is happening within the bloodstream
47
What does thermotherapy do to blood vessels
Causes vasodilation which increases blood flow
48
What does stimulation of cutaneous thermal receptors lead to (2)
1. Vasodilation
| 2. Increased production and release of histamine, bradykinin, prostaglandins, and nitrous oxide
49
Briefly describe the pathway of a stimulation of a thermal receptor to smooth muscle contraction (5)
1. Stimulated thermal receptor
2. Projects through dorsal root ganglion
3. Synpase on interneurons
4. Inhibits sympathetic activity
5. Relaxes smooth muscle
50
Why do the blood vessels vasodilate
To prevent excessive heating and tissue damage
51
How does vasodilation prevent excessive heating
Increased blood flow which removes heat via convection
52
How does thermotherapy effect nerve conduction velocity
Increases it by 2m/sec for every 1.8 F (1 C)
53
What is the neuromuscular effects when you increase the muscle temperature to 108 F (42 C) (3)
1. Decreased firing rate of type II muscle spindle efferents and gamma efferents
2. Increased firing rate of type 1b fibers and GTO
3. Results in decreased firing rate of alpha motor neuron
54
What does a decrease in alpha motor neuron firing cause
Decrease in muscle contraction (spasm)
55
Does thermotherapy increase or decrease pain threshold
Increase
56
How does thermotherapy increase pain threshold (2)
1. Directly by activation of spinal gate
| 2. Indirectly by reduction in ischemia and muscle spasm and facilitation of tissue healing
57
What does thermotherapy do in demyelinated peripheral nerves (1)
1. Shortens the time Na+ channels are open which decreases conduction time
58
True or False:
| Thermotherapy causes a decrease in muscle strength for the first 30 minutes after superficial or deep heating
True
59
How does thermotherapy effect the firing rate of type 1a muscle spindle efferents and gamma efferents
Decreases firing rate
60
How does thermotherapy effect the firing rate of type 1b fibers and GTO
Increases firing rate
61
How does thermotherapy effect the firing rate of alpha motor neurons
It decreases firing rate which decreases strength
62
After the first 30 minutes what happens to muscle strength during the next 2 hours
Returns then increases to above pre-intervention levels
63
True or False:
| Thermotherapy causes an increase in endothermic chemical reaction rate including enzymatic biological reactions
True
64
How much does enzyme activity increase from 102-109 F
13% for every 18 F rise in tissue temp
65
What happens to enzyme activity after 113 F
It begins to decrease
66
At what temperature does the enzyme activity cease
122 F
67
What does increased oxygen uptake result in
Accelerated healing
68
How does thermotherapy effect collagenase
It increases the activity of collagenase which may increase destruction of articular cartilage in RA
69
How does heat shift the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve
To the right which makes more O2 available for healing
70
How does thermotherapy effect altered tissue extensibility (3)
1. Decreases fluid viscosity
2. Decreases joint and muscle stiffness
3. Relaxes cross linked collagen fibers
71
How do you achieve plastic deformation in altered tissue extensibility with thermotherapy
Increase tissue temperature to 104-113 F for 5-10 minutes
72
What are 3 uses for thermotherapy
1. Pain control
2. Increase ROM and decreased joint stiffness
3. Accelerated healing
73
What are 3 types of thermotherapy
1. Moist hot packs
2. Paraffin bath
3. Infrared lamps
74
What is the use of moist hot packs
Superficial heating of tissue
75
How does a moist hot pack heat tissue and how deep does it penetrate
Via conduction and 1 cm max depth
76
What is a moist gel pack made of
Canvas filled with silica gel
77
Where are moist hot packs stored and temp of water
Hydrocollator at 160 F
78
How long does it take a moist hot pack to heat up
20 minutes
79
How long does a moist hot pack retain heat
About 20 minutes
80
What is the target temperature you want to heat tissue to with moist hot packs
105.8-113 F
81
How long does it take for the moist hot pack to heat the tissue
8-10 minutes
82
How long does it take the body to reach thermal equilibrium after application of a moist hot pack
30 minutes
83
What is the purpose of moist hot packs (3)
1. Provide analgesia and reduce pain
2. Increase ROM and decrease joint stiffness
3. Accelerate healing
84
What are the physiological effects of moist hot packs (5)
1. Muscle relaxation via effects on muscle spindle and GTO
2. Sedation of sensory nerve endings
3. Increased capillary pressure and cell permeability
4. Increased extensibility of connective tissue
5. Increased body temp, pulse, and decreased BP
85
What are the indications for moist hot packs (4)
1. Impairments associated with sub acute and chronic conditions
2. Tissue contractures/adhesions
3. Joint stiffness
4. Stimulate perspiration to improve conductivity
86
What are contraindications for moist hot packs (9)
1. Acute inflammatory disorders
2. Fever
3. Malgnancies
4. Active bleeding
5. Cardiac insufficiency
6. Older patients and children under 4
7. Peripheral vascular disease (PVD)
8. Existing edema
9. Tissues devitalized by x-ray therapy
87
What are the advantages to moist hotpacks (2)
1. Relatively safe
| 2. May effectively treat local areas
88
What are the disadvantages to moist hotpacks (2)
1. Weight of some MHP
| 2. Treatment area is not readily visible
89
What is the maximum depth of heat penetration of paraffin baths
1 cm
90
What is a paraffin bath
Tank containing a mixture of medical paraffin wax and mineral oil
91
How are the 2 ingredients of a paraffin bath mixed
5lbs wax to 1 pint of oil
92
What is the melted wax temperature kept at
125-127 F
93
Is the specific heat of paraffin high or low
Low
94
The therapeutic purpose, physiological effects, indications, contraindications are the same as moist hot packs
PERFECT
95
What are the advantages to paraffin baths (2)
1. Useful in treating chronic orthopedic conditions of the distal extremities
2. Aid in softening skin
96
What are the disadvantages of paraffin baths (3)
1. Provides 6 times the amount of heat in water increasing risk of burns
2. Can be messy
3. Cleaning tank is difficult
97
What is the max depth of heat penetration for infrared lamps
1 cm
98
Where is most of the heat generally absorbed
first 1-3 mm
99
What are the 3 classifications of infrared lamps
1. IR-A (most common)
2. IR-B
3. IR-C
100
What are the wavelengths of IR-A (short or near IR)
770-1400 nm
101
What are the wavelengths of IR-B (middle IR)
1400-3000 nm
102
What are the wavelengths of IR-C (long or far IR)
3000-10 to the 6th
103
What is the IR generated by luminous lamps
IR-A
104
What are the IR generated by nonluminous lamps (2)
1. IR-B
| 2. IR-C
105
What is an infrared lamp
Lamp or baker that generates infrared radiation
106
Tissue temperature rise (TTR) is proportional to what (5)
1. Amount of radiation absorbed
2. Power and wavelength of source
3. Distance of the source to the tissues
4. Angle of incidence of the radiation
5. Absorption coefficient of the tissue
107
Most infrared lamps deliver power in a range of what
50-1500 watts
108
What is clinically used wavelength
780-1500
109
What wavelength does human skin allow maximal penetration
1200 nm
110
What types of tissue absorbs IR radiation best high or low absorption coefficient
High absorption coefficient
111
What color skin has a higher absorption coefficient
Dark skin
112
How is heat produced in a luminous lamp
By the resistance to an electric current as it passes through a tungsten or carbon filament
113
What type of light does a luminous lamp produce
Visible bright white light (IR-A)
114
What is the power output of luminous lamps
60-1500
115
Is there a warm up period required for a luminous lamp
Nope
116
Therapeutic purpose, physiologic effects, indications, and contraindications are the same as moist hot packs
PERFECT
117
What are the advantages of infrared lamps (2)
1. Does not require contact with the patient
| 2. Can see the area being treated during the session
118
What are the disadvantages of infrared lamps (3)
1. Ensuring uniform heating is difficult
2. Glare may irritate patient
3. Hard to localize a treatment area
119
What are the reasons to use thermotherapy as an intervention (6)
1. Increase local blood flow
2. Relax muscle spasm
3. Increase tissue temperature
4. Increase local tissue extensibility
5. Modulate pain
6. Promote tissue healing
