Week 5 Study Cards Flashcards
(135 cards)
1
Q
Nervous tissue is composed of what two principal cell populations?
A
neurons and supporting cells
2
Q
What are other names for supporting cells?
A
neuroglia or glial cells
3
Q
What is CNS?
A
central nervous system
4
Q
What is PNS?
A
peripheral nervous system
5
Q
What are neurons/ functions?
A
specialized cells to transmit messages from one part of the body to another
6
Q
What are structures of the neurons?
A
cell body, nuclei, ganglia
7
Q
What are the extensions of the neurons called?
A
processes or fibers
8
Q
What is ganglia?
A
clusters of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS
9
Q
What do neurons make up in the nervous system?
A
gray matter
10
Q
What do the neuron processes form in the CNS?
A
tracts of white matter
11
Q
What do the neuron processes form in the PNS?
A
peripheral nerves
12
Q
Other than the nucleus what is the other large dot in the cell body?
A
nucleolus
13
Q
What is the neurons cytoplasm composed of?
A
neurofibrils with rough ER called Nissl bodies
14
Q
What are neuron processes that conduct electrical currents toward the cell body called?
A
dendrites
15
Q
What are neuron processes that conduct electrical currents away from the cell body?
A
axons
16
Q
How many axons do neurons have?
A
one
17
Q
How is a neuron excited?
A
by signal or other neurons
18
Q
What is the end of the axon called?
A
axon terminal
19
Q
The axon terminals store what?
A
neurotransmitters
20
Q
What is the tiny gap that separates an axon terminal and dendrites?
A
synaptic cleft
21
Q
What is the fatty material that covers long nerve fibers?
A
myelin
22
Q
What are myelin fibers referred to as?
A
myelinated
23
Q
What are the special cells that mylinate the axons?
A
Schwann cells
24
Q
How do schwann cells work?
A
wrap themselves around the outside of axon with nucleus on outside
25
What encompases the cell once the schwann cell wraps
myelin sheath
26
What is the myelin sheath composed of?
tight core of plasma membrane material
27
What is the part of the schwann cell external to the myelin sheath called?
neurilemma
28
What are the gaps between the schwann cells called?
nodes of Ranvier
29
What determines the structural classification of neuron cells?
How many processes are attached to cell body
30
What is a unipolar neuron?
One very short process which divides into distal and proximal that extend away from cell body
31
What is bipolar neurons?
one axon and one dendrite attached to the cell body
32
What are multipolar neurons
all are dendrites except for a single axon
33
What are neurons that carry impulses from the sensory receptors in the internal organs or in the skin called?
sensory, afferent neurons
34
What are motor or efferent neurons?
Neurons that carry activating impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands
35
What are interneurons or association neurons?
situated in pathways that connect sensory and motor neurons. Their cell bodies are always located within the CNS and they are multipolar
36
What is each fiber of a nerve surrounded by?
endoneurium
37
What are groups of fibers bound by?
perineurium
38
What do these groups of fibers surrounded by perineurium form?
fascicle bundles
39
What are all fascicles bound together by?
epineurium
40
What are neurons that carry both sensory and motor fibers called?
mixed nerves
41
What are nerves that only carry sensory processes and conduct impulses only toward the CNS?
sensory or afferent nerves
42
What are nerves that only carry motor fibers?
motor or efferent nerves
43
What are the two principal divisions of the nervous system?
central nervous system
| peripheral nervous system
44
What consists of the central nervous system?
brain and spinal cord
45
What consists of the peripheral nervous system?
cranial and spinal nerves, ganglia, sensory receptors
46
What are the four major regions of the brain?
cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum
47
What is the most superior part of the brain?
cerebral hemispheres
48
What is gyri?
elevated ridges of the brain surface
49
What separates gyri?
fissures or sulci
50
What fissure separates the cerebral hemispheres?
longitudinal fissure
51
What divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe?
central sulcus
52
What separates the temporal lobe from the parietal lobe?
lateral sulcus
53
What divides the occipital lobe from the parietal lobe?
parieto-occipital sulcus
54
Where is the primary somatic sensory area located?
in the parietal lobe posterior to the central fissure
55
Where is the primary motor area? What is its function?
allow us to consciously move our skeletal muscles and is anterior to the central fissure in the frontal lobe
56
Where is the premotor area? What is its function?
region that stores the instructions for sequences of motor activity located anterior of primary motor area
57
What is Broca's area?
specialized motor speech area found at base of primary motor area above the lateral sulcus
58
What is the cerebral cortex?
outermost gray matter of cerebrum
59
What is the cerebral white matter?
fiber tracts carrying impulses to or from the cortex
60
What is the most superior portion of the brain stem?
diencephalon
61
What is cerebral peduncles?
fiber tracts in the midbrain connecting the pons below with cerebrum above
62
What does pons mean?
bridge
63
What are the pons?
consists of primarily of motor and sensory fiber tracts connecting the brain with lower CNS centers
64
What is the lowest brain stem region?
medulla oblongata
65
What does the medulla house?
vital autonomic centers involved in the control of visceral activities such as heart rate, respiratory rhythm and blood pressure
66
What is the structure of the thalamus?
two large lobes of gray matter that laterally enclose the shallow third ventricle of the brain
67
What is intermediate mass/ function?
stalk of thalamic tissue, connecting two lobes and spans the ventricle
68
What is function of thalamus?
relay station for sensory impulses passing upward to the cortical sensory areas
69
What makes up the third ventricle?
hypothalamus
70
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
important autonomic center involved in body temperature regulation and water balance
71
Where is hypothalamus located?
pituitary gland
72
What is the mamillary bodies?
relay stations for olfaction, bulge exteriorly from the floor of the hypothalamus just posterior to the pituitary gland
73
What forms the roof of the third ventricle?
epithalamus
74
What are important structures of the thalamus?
pineal gland and choroid plexus
75
What is the cerebral aqueduct?
slender canal traveling through the midbrain, connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle in the pons and medulla below
76
What is the treelike branching of the cerebellar white matter
arbor vitae
77
What are the connective tissue membranes that cover and protect the brain?
meninges
78
What is the outermost membrane?
dura mater
79
The dura mater has two layers what are they?
periosteal layer and meningeal layer
80
The dura mater is fused together except for three areas such as one fold that hold it in place in skull. What is name of fold?
falx cerebri
81
Where does falx cerebri attach?
to the crista galli of the ethmoid bone of the skull
82
What is the cavity created by the falx cerebri attachment?
superior sagittal sinus
83
What is the middle membrane?
arachnoid mater
84
What space separates the arachnoid and dura mater?
subdural space
85
The subdural space has threadlike projections that bridge into what?
subarachnoid space
86
Where do the threadlike projections attach?
pia mater
87
What is the subarachnoid space filled with?
cerebrospinal fluid
88
What are the specialized projections of the arachnoid tissue called?
arachnoid villi
89
Where doe the arachnoid villi protrude/ attach?
through dura mater to allow the cerebrospinal fluid to drain back into the venous blood via the superior sagittal sinus
90
What continually forms the cerebrospinal fluid?
choroid plexuses
91
What are the choroid plexuses?
small capillary knots hanging from the roof of the ventricles of the brain
92
What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid?
watery cushion that protects the brain tissue against blows to the head
93
What system are the cranial nerves apart of?
peripheral nervous system
94
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
12
95
What is considered a continuation of the brain?
spinal cord
96
What is the spinal cord enclosed in by?
vertebral column
97
Where does the spinal cord extend?
foramen magnum of the skull to the first or second lumbar vertebrae
98
What cushions and protects the spinal cord?
meninges
99
How many pairs of spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord?
31 pairs
100
What is the collection of spinal nerves at the inferior end of the vertebral column?
cauda equina
101
What is the part of the spinal cord that looks like a butterfly or an H?
gray matter
102
What are the two posterior protrusions of the gray matter called?
dorsal horns
103
What are the two broader anterior projections of the gray matter called?
ventral horns
104
What is the lateral outpocketing of gray matter in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the cord?
lateral horns
105
The central gray matter surrounds what?
central canal
106
What is contained in the central canal
cerebrospinal fluid
107
Where do association neurons and sensory fibers enter the cord?
dorsal root of the dorsal horn
108
the cell bodies of these sensory neurons are found in what enlarged area of the dorsal root?
dorsal root ganglion
109
The ventral horns contain cell bodiest of motor neurons that exit through what?
ventral root
110
What is the small area where ventral and dorsal roots combine before splitting off?
spinal nerves
111
What is the white matter of the spinal cord composed of?
myelinated fibers
112
White matter is divided into three regions, what are they?
posterior
lateral
anterior columns
113
What does each white column contain?
fiber tracts
114
What are fiber tracts?
axons with the same origin, destination, and function
115
What are dorsal and ventral rami?
the divisions right after spinal nerve
116
The ventral rami of all other spinal nerves forms what complex nerve network?
plexuses
117
When the ventral rami of spinal nerves T2-T12 pass anteriorly what do they form?
intercostal nerves
118
What is the cervical plexus?
arises from the ventral rami of c1 through c5 and supplies muscles of the shoulder and neck
119
What is the major motor branch of this plexus?
phrenic nerve
120
Which vertebrae ventral rami roots form phrenic nerve?
C3-C5
121
What nerve arises from the ventral rami of C5-C8 and T1
brachial plexus
122
The brachial plexus divides into what?
5 major peripheral nerves
123
What nerve serves the muscles and skin of the shoulder?
axillary nerve
124
What is the radial nerve?
passes down the posterolateral surface of the limb supplying all the extensor muscles of the arm forearm and hand and the skin
125
What is the median nerve?
passes down the anterior surface of the arm to supply most of the flexor muscles in the forearm and several muscles in the lateral part of the hand
126
What is the musclocutaneous nerve?
supplies the arm muscles that flex the forearm and the skin of the lateral surface of the forearm
127
What is the ulnar nerve?
travels down the posteromedial surface of the arm, supplies the flexor carpi ulnaris and all intrinsic muscles of the hand not served by the median nerve
128
What is the lumbar plexus?
arises from ventral rami of L1 through L4 and serves the anteromedial thigh and lower abdominal region
129
What is the largest nerves of the lumbar plexus?
femoral nerve
130
What is the femoral nerve?
innervates the anterior thigh muscles
131
What is the sacral plexus?
arises from L4 and S4 and supply the buttock and posterior thigh and virtually all of the leg and foot
132
What is the major nerve of the sacral plexus?
sciatic nerve
133
What is the sciatic nerve?
largest nerve in the body, travels through the greater sciatic notch and down the posterior thigh serving its flexor muscles and skin
134
What does the sciatic nerve divide into?
common fibular nerve and tibial nerve
135
What does the common fibular nerve and tibial nerve supply
the balance of the leg and foot
