FINAL REVIEW Flashcards
(489 cards)
1
Q
What is the study of body structures you can see with the naked eye?
A
gross anatomy
2
Q
What is the relative standard position for a body
A
anatomical position
3
Q
What is the anatomical position
A
body erect, head and toes pointed forward and arms hanging at the sides with palms facing forward
4
Q
What is the anterior body trunk region inferior to the ribs
A
abdominal
5
Q
what is the anterior surface of the elbow
A
antecubital
6
Q
the armpit
A
axillary
7
Q
the arm
A
brachial
8
Q
the cheek
A
buccal
9
Q
the wrist
A
carpal
10
Q
the neck region
A
cervical
11
Q
the hip
A
coxal
12
Q
the roundness of the shoulder caused by the underlying deltoid muscle
A
deltoid
13
Q
the fingers or toes
A
digital
14
Q
the thigh
A
femoral
15
Q
the side of the leg
A
fibular
16
Q
the groin
A
inguinal
17
Q
the breast
A
mammary
18
Q
the hand
A
manus
19
Q
the nose
A
nasal
20
Q
the mouth
A
oral
21
Q
the bony eye socket
A
orbital
22
Q
the anterior knee region
A
patelar
23
Q
the pelvis region
A
pelvic
24
Q
the genital region
A
pubic
25
the region of the breastbone
sternal
26
the ankle
tarsal
27
the chest
thoracic
28
the naval
umbilical
29
the head
cephalic
30
the buttocks or rump
gluteal
31
the area of the back between the ribs and hips. the loin
lumbar
32
the posterior aspect of the head or base of the skull
occipital
33
the area between the hips
sacral
34
the scapula or shoulder blade area
scapular
35
the calf or posterior surface of the leg
sural
36
the area of the spinal column
vertebral
37
above/below
superior/inferior
38
front/back
anterior/posterior
39
toward the midline/ away from the midline
medial/ lateral
40
toward the head/ toward the tail
cephalad/ caudad
41
backside/ belly side
dorsal/ ventral
42
nearer the trunk or attached end/ farther from the trunk or point of attachment
proximal/ distal
43
toward or at body surface/ away from the body surface or more internal
superficial/ deep
44
a plane that runs lengthwise or longitudinally down the length of the body dividing it into right and left parts
saggital plane
45
a plane down the midline separating left and right is
median or midsaggital plane
46
a longitudinal plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
frontal plane
47
a plane that runs horizontally dividing the body into superior and inferior parts
transverse planes
48
what are transverse planes often called
cross sections
49
what is the cavity that contains the brain within the skull
cranial cavity
50
cavity which runs within the bony vertebral column to protect the spinal cord
spinal cavity
51
cavity that is separated from the rest of the ventral cavity by the muscular diaphragm
thoracic cavity
52
cavity inferior to the diaphragm
abdominopelvic cavity
53
cavity that houses the stomach, intestines, liber and other organs
andominal cavity
54
cavity partially enclosed by the bony pelvis and contains the reproductive organs, bladder, and rectume
pelvic cavity
55
four quadrants of abdominopelvic cavity
upper right, upper left, lower right, lower left
56
9 quadrants of abdominopelvic cavity
right hypo chondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac
right lumbar, umbilical region, left lumbar
right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac
57
groups of cells that are similar in structure and function are called
tissues
58
four primary types of tissues
epithelial, connective, nervous, muscular
59
tissues are organized into what to perform functions
organs
60
what tissue covers surfaces
epithelial tissues
61
functions of epithelial tissue
protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, sensory reception
62
5 characteristics of epithelial
1) cells fit closely together to form membranes
2) membranes always have one exposed surface
3) cells are attached/ supported by basement membrane
4) epithelial has no blood supply of own
5) well nourished cells can easily regenerate
63
what is free surface called
apical surface
64
three styles of epithelial shapes
cuboidal, columnar, squamous
65
two types of layers of epithelial
simple, stratified
66
fake stratified
pseudostratified
67
peculiar strtified squamous epithelium formed of rouded or plump cells with the ability to slide over one another to allow the organ to be stretched
transitional epithelium
68
tissue found in all parts of the body and is the most abundant and widely distributed of the tissue type
connective tissue
69
what is connective tissue of bone
osseous tissue
70
connective tissue of ligaments and tendons
dense regular connective tissue
71
nonliving material between the cells
extracellular matrix
72
primary function of extracellular matrix
for the strength associated with connective tissue
73
two components of the extracellular matrix
ground substance and fibers
74
what is the ground substance of extracellular matrix
glycoproteins and large polysaccharide molecules
75
what are the fibers of extracellular matrix
collagenic white, elastic yellow, reticular fine collagenic
76
tissue specialized to contract to produce movement of some body parts
muscle tissue
77
three types of muscle tissue
cardiac, skeletal, smooth
78
the "meat" or flesh of the body is attached to the skeleton, under voluntary control
skeletal muscle
79
found only in the heart, acts as pump, propelling the blood into the blood vessels
cardiac muscle
80
junctions in cardiac muscle
intercalated disks
81
found mainly in the walls of all hollow organs except the heart, no striations, uninucleate spindle shaped cells
smooth muscle
82
tissue composd of two major cell populations
nervous tissue
83
two types of cell populations in nervous tissue
neuroglia and neurons
84
special supporting cell that protect, support, and insulate neurons
neurolglia
85
highly specialized to receive stimuli and to conduct impulses to all parts of the body
neurons
86
what organ system is the skin
integumentary system
87
functions of the skin
protect, insulate, cushions, mini excretory system, metabolic duties, vitamin D synthesis, contains cutaneous sense organs, regulates heat loss from body
88
two distinct regions of the skin
epidermis
| dermis
89
epidermis composed of
epithelium
90
dermis composed of
connective tissue
91
immediately deep to dermis is
hypodermis or subucutaneous tissue
92
most epidermal cells are
keratinocytes
93
what do keratinocytes produce
keratin
94
what is keratin
tough fibrous protein that gives epidermis its durability and protective capabilities
95
Deepest layer of epidermis
stratum basale
96
layer above statum basale
stratum spinosum
97
what is stratum basale layer
single row of cells that abuts the dermis, constantly undergoes cell division to produce new cells daily
98
about a quarter of the cells in stratum basale layer are what
melanocytes
99
melanocytes are what
produce melanin that gives skin pigmentation
100
what is stratum spinosum layer
cells appear spiky
101
What is layer above stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
102
what is stratum granulosum
abundent granules in its cells, in this layer begin to die
103
layer above stratum granulosum
stratum lucidum
104
what is stratum lucidum
thin translucent band of flattened dead keratinocytes
105
what is outermost layer of skin
stratum corneum
106
what is stratum corneum
20-30 cell layers thick and cells are dead and flattened scalelike remnants and are full of keratin
107
two regions of dermis
papillary and reticular
108
what is superficial layer of the dermis
papillary layer
109
what is papillary layer
very uneven and has fingerlike projections from its superior surface
110
fingerlike projections of papillary layer
dermal papillae
111
dermal papillae produce what
fingerprints
112
what are the pain and touch receptors found in papillary layer
meissners corpuscles
113
what is deepest layer of dermis
reticular layer
114
what is contained in reticular layer
sebaceous and sweat glands, pressure receptors (pacinian corpuscles), blood vessels
115
ability to determine which portion of the skin has been touched
tactile localization
116
rate of receptor response slows and our conscious awareness of the stimulus declines or is lost until some type of stimulus changes
adaption
117
two types of cutaneous glands
sebaceous oil glands
| sweat glands
118
sebaceous glands are found where
all over the skin except for the palms of the hand and soles of the feet
119
product of sebaceous glands
sebum
120
function of sebum
lubricate the skin and keep soft and moist
121
epithelial openings, the outlets for the sweat glands
pores
122
where are sweat glands found
all over the posy
123
sweat glands produce
clear perspiration, consisting primarily of water, salts, and urea
124
what glands found chiefly in axillary and genital areas
apocrine glands
125
apocrine glands secrete
milky protein and fat-rich substance containing water, salts, and urea
126
hair is found where
all over body except palms of hands, soles of feet, external genitalia, nipples, and lips
127
hair is enclosed in what
hair follicle
128
hair enclosed within the follicle is what
root
129
portion of hair projecting from the skin
shaft
130
base of the follicle
hair bulb
131
small bands of smooth muscle cells that connect each hair follicle to the dermis
arrector pili
132
skeleton is constructed of two supportive tissues
cartilage and bone
133
functions of skeleton
system of levers for muscles to move body
bones store lipids and minerals
provide a site for blood cell formation
134
skeleton has two main subdivision
axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton
135
bone surfaces are not featureless and smooth but are scarred with an array of bumps, holes, ridges called
bone markings
136
two categories of bone markings
projections and depressions
137
what are projections
processes that grow out from the bone and serve as sites of muscle attachment or help form joints
138
what are depressions
indentations or openings in the bone that serve as passageways for nerves and blood vessels
139
total bones in human adult body
206
140
two basic kinds of osseous bone tissue
compact and spongy
141
compact tissue is what
dense and looks smooth and homogeneous
142
spongy tissue is what
composed of small trabeculae of bone and lots of open space
143
Four classifications of bone
long, short, flat, irregular
144
what are long bones
much longer than they are wide and consist of a shaft with heads at either end
145
long bones are typically what tissue
compact
146
what are short bones
typically cube shaped
147
short bones are typically what tissue
more spongy than compact bone
148
what are flat bones
generally thin
149
flat bones are typically what tissue
layer of spongy bone sandwiched between two layers of compact bone
150
what are irregular bones
bones that do not fall into one of previous categories
151
shaft of bone
diaphysis
152
fibrous membrane that covers the bone surface
periosteum
153
fibers of periosteum penetrating into the bone
sharpey's fibers or perforating fibers
154
end of the long bone
epipyshis
155
covers the epiphyseal surface in place of periosteum
articular cartilage
156
function of articular cartilage
provides a smooth surface to prevent friction at joint surfaces
157
a thin area of hyaline cartilage that provides for growth in bone length
epiphyseal plate
158
in adults epiphyseal plate becomes
epiphyseal line
159
central cavity of the shaft is a storage region for
adipose tissue or yellow marrow
160
in the infant, central marrow cavities store what
red marrow
161
in adults what is stored in ephyses
red marrow
162
lining of the medullary cavity
endosteum
163
Central canal runs parallel to long axis of the bone and carries blood vessels and nerves through the bony matrix
central canal
164
chamber in the bone cell
lacunae
165
lacunae houses what
osteocytes
166
lacunae are arranged in circles around central canal called what
lamellae
167
central canal and all the lamellae are referred to as
osteon or Haversian system
168
tiny canals running from a central canal to the lacunae of the first lamella and from lamella to lamella
canalicli
169
canals run into the compact bone and marrow cavity from the periosteum at right angles to the shaft
perforating canals
170
3 parts of the axial skeleton
skull, vertebral column, bony thorax
171
two sets of bones in skull
cranial bones, facial bones
172
anterior portion of cranium, forms the forehead, superior part of the orbit and anterior part of cranial floor
frontal bone
173
posterior and lateral to the frontal bone, forming sides of cranium
parietal bone
174
midline articulation point of the two parietal bones
sagittal suture
175
point where the pareitals meet the frontal bone
coronal suture
176
inferior to the parietal bone on lateral part of the skull
temporal bone
177
point where the temporal bone articulates with the parietal bone
squamous suture
178
a bridgelike projection that joins the zygomatic bone anteriorly
zygomatic process
179
zygomatic process and zygomatic bone form
zygomatic arch
180
canal leading to eardrum
external acoustic meatus
181
needle like projection inferior to external auditory meatus that serves as an attachment point for muscles and ligaments of the neck
styloid
182
rough projection inferior and posterior to external auditory meatus, an attachment site for muscles
mastoid process
183
opening medial to styloid process through which the internal jugular vein and cranial nerves pass
juglar foramen
184
opening medial to styloid process that allows the internal carotid artery to enter the cranial cavity
carotid canal
185
opening on posterior aspect of temporal bone allowing cranial nerves to pass
internal acoustic meatus
186
most posterior bone of cranium, forms the floor and back wall, joins the sphenoid bone anteriorly
occipital bone
187
point of articulation of occipital bone and parietal bones
lambdoid suture
188
large opening in base of occipital that allows the spinal cord to join with the brain
foramen magnum
189
rounded projections lateral to the foramen magnum that articulate with the first cervical vertebrae
occipital condyles
190
bat shaped bone forming a plateu across the width of the skull
sphenoid bone
191
portions of the sphenoid seen exteriorly on the lateral aspect of the skull anterior to the temporal bones. form part of the orbits of the eye
greater wings
192
a saddle shaped region the sphenoid midline which nearly encloses the pituitary gland
sella turcica
193
bat shaped portions of the sphenoid anterior to the sella turcica
lesser wings
194
opening posterior to the sella turcica that allows a branch of cranial nerve to pass
foramen ovale
195
allows the optic nerve to pass
optic canal
196
transmits cranial nerves to the eye
superior orbital fissure
197
vertical projection to which the dura mater attaches
crista galli
198
irregularly shaped bone anterior to the sphenoid, forms the roof of the nasal cavity, upper nasal septum, part of the medial orbit walls
ethmoid bone
199
bony plates lateral to the crista galli through which olfactory fibers pass to the brain from the nasal mucosa
cribriform plates
200
thin delicately coied plates of bone extending medially from the ethmoid into the nasal cavity. the conchae increase the surfae area of the mucosa that covers them
superior and middle nasal conchae
201
form the base for the muscles of the face which allow us to show our feelings and to chew
facial bones
202
lower jawbone, articulates with the temporal bones in the only freely movable joints of the skull
mandible
203
horizaontal portion that forms chin
mandible body
204
vertical extension of the body on either side
ramus mandible
205
superior margin of mandible contains sockets for the lower teeth
alveolar margin
206
two bones fused in a median suture, form the upper jawbone and part of the orbits
maxillae
207
inferior margin contianing sockets in which teet lie
alveolar margin
208
form the anterior hard palate
palatine processes
209
paired bones posterior to the palatine processes, form the posterior hard palate and part of the orbit
palatine bone
210
fingernail sized bones forming a part of the medial orbit walls between the maxilla and the ethmoid
lacrimal bone
211
small rectangular bones forming the bridge of the nose
nasal bone
212
blad shaped bone in median plane of nasal cavity that forms most of the nasal septum
vomer (plow)
213
thin curved bones protruding medially from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity
inferior nasal concae
214
located in the throat above the larynx and is the point of attachment for many tongue and neck muscles
hyoid bone
215
hyoid bone is horseshoe shaped with a body and two pairs of horns called
cornua
216
four skull bones lead into sinuses called
paranasal sunuses
217
function of paranasal sinuses
lighten facial bones and act as resonance chambers for the voice
218
fibrous membranes between the bones of the fetal skull which allow the fetal skull to be compressed slightly during birth and allow for brain growth
fontanels
219
what is the spine
vertebral column
220
consists of how many vertebrae
24
221
of the 24 what are the three types and how many
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
222
individual vertebrae are separated by pads of fibrocartilage that absorb shock while providing the spine flexibility
intervertebral discs
223
part of vertebrae composed of pedicles, laminae, and a spinous process, it represents the junction of all posterior extensions from the vertebral body
vertebral arch
224
opening enclosed by the body and vertebral arch through which the spinal cord passes
vertebral foramen
225
two lateral projections from the vertebral arch
transverse processes
226
single posterior projection from the vertebral arch
spinous process
227
paired projections lateral to the vertebral foramen that enable adjacent vertebre to articulate with one another
superior and inferior articular processes
228
what is c1
atlas
229
what is unique about the atlas
lacks a body and its lateral processes contian large depressions on their superior surfaces that receive the occipital condyles of the skull. allows nodding yes
230
what is c2
axis
231
what is unique about the axis
acts a pivot point for rotation of the atlas above. large vertical process called dens
232
thoracic vertibrae have what unique identifying feature
costal demifacets that articulate with the heads of the corresponding ribs
233
formd from the fusion of five vertebrae, is the posterior border of the pelvis
sacrum
234
remnant of the spinous processes of the fused vertebrae
median sacral crest
235
wingike articulate laterally with the hip bones forming the sacroiliac joints
alae
236
paried _____ are evidence that the sacrum is formed of separate fused vertebrae and serve as passageways for blood vessels and nerves
sacral foramina
237
vertebral canal continues in sacrum as
sacral canal
238
vertebral canal terminates near the coccyx in the
sacral hiatus
239
is composed of the sternum ribs and thoracic vertebrae
bony thorax
240
bony thorax is also referred to as
thoracic cage
241
a typical flat bone is a result of the fusion of three bones
sternum
242
three bones of sterunum tope to bottom
manubriem, body, xiphoid process
243
looks like the knot of a tie
manubrium
244
sternum attaches to how many ribs
first 7
245
forms most of hte sternum
body
246
inferior end of the sternum
xiphoid process
247
forms the walls of the thoracic cage
twelve pairs of ribs
248
first 7 pairs of ribs are called
true ribs
249
true ribs are what
directly attach to the sternum by their own costal cartilages
250
next 5 pairs are called
false ribs
251
numbers 8-10 are what type of false rib
indirect cartilage attachments to the sternum
252
11-12 are what type of false ribs
floating ribs and have no sternal attachment
253
is composed of the 126 bones of the appendages and the pectoral and pelvic girdles which attach limbs to the axial skeleton
appendicular skeleton
254
each consist of two bones- a clavical and a scapula
pectoral or shoulder girdles
255
what do shoulder girdles anchor
upper limbs to the axial skeleon and provide attachment points for many trunk and neck muscles
256
slender, doubly curved bone, convex forward medially and concave forward laterally
clavicle
257
medial end of clavicle attaches to what
sternal manubrium
258
lateral end of clavicle attaches to what
flattened where is articulates with the scapula to form part of the shoulder joint
259
generally triabgular, flattened body and two oportant processes
scapulae
260
two processes of scapula
acromion and coracoid process
261
enlarged end of the spine of the scapula
acromion
262
beaklike pointing over the tip of the shoulder joint
coracoid process
263
three angles of the scapula
superior inferior and lateral
264
three named borners
superior medial and lateral
265
a shallow soket that receives the head of the arm bone, is located in the lateral angle
glenoid cavity
266
single bone of the arm
humerus
267
two prominances on the humerus that are separated by a groove and guides the tendon of the biceps muscle to its point of attachment
greater and lesser tubercles
268
groove separating greater and lesser tubercles
intertubercular sulcas
269
roughedned area midshaft of the humerus
deltoid tuberosity
270
function for deltoid tuberosity
attachment site for deltoid
271
articulates with the ulna, distal end of the humerus, looks like spool
trochlea
272
articulates with the radius of the forearm
capitulum
273
condyles are flanked medially and lateraly by
epicondyles
274
above the trochlea is
coronoid fossa
275
on the posterior surface of humerus on distal end is
olecranon fossa
276
coronoid fossa and olecranon fossa ufunction
corresponding processes of the ulna to move freely when the elbow is flexed and extended
277
two bones of forearm
ulna and radius
278
which bone is in lateral position
radius
279
radius and ulna are joined along length by
interosseous membrane
280
medially just below the head is an area where the tendon of the biceps muscle of the arm attaches
radial tuberosity
281
medial bone of the forearm
ulna
282
proximal end of ulna bears the anterior
coronoid process
283
the proximal end of ulna bears the posterior
olecranon process
284
coronoid and olecranon process are separated by
trochlear notch
285
the slimmer distal end bears a small medial notch which anchors some ligaments of the wrist
syloid process
286
seleton of the hand includes what three groups of bones
carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
287
proximal portion of the hand
carpus
288
the 8 bones of the carpus
carpals
289
bones that radiate out from the wrist like spokes to form the palm of the hand
metacarpals
290
14 bones of the fingers are called
phalanges
291
pelvic girdle is formed by two what
coxal hip bones
292
two coxal bones, sacrum, and coccyx form
bony pelvis
293
coxal bone is fusion of what three bones
ilium, ichium, pubis
294
large flaring bone that forms most of coxal bone
ilium
295
ilium connects posterioly with sacrum at
sacroiliac joint
296
superior margin of the iliac bone
iliac crest
297
iliac crest terminates anterioly in the
anterior superior iliac spine
298
iliac crest terminates posteriorly in the
posterior superior iliac spine
299
forms the inferior portion of the coxal bone
ischium
300
receives the weight of the body when we sit
ischial tuberosity
301
superior to the ischial tuberosity is this important anatomincal landmark
ischial spine
302
allows the hugh sciatic nerve to pass to and from the thigh
greater sciatic notch
303
is the most anterior part of the coxal bone
pubis
304
fusion of the rami of the pubic bone anteriorly and the ischium posterioly forms a bar of bone enclosing the
obturator foramen
305
what runs through the obturator foramen
small blood vessels and nerves
306
two pubic bones meet to form
pubic symphysis
307
deep hemispherical socket call where femur joins
acetabulum
308
superior portion bounded by the ilia laterally and the sacrum and lumbar vertebrae posterioly
false pelvis
309
inferior region that is almost entirely surround by bone, its posterior boundary is the sacrum
true pelvis
310
superior most margin of the true pelvis
pelvic inlet or pelvic brim
311
is the iferior margin of the true pelvis
pelvic outlet
312
thigh bone
femur
313
junction of the shaft and neck
greater and lesser trochanters
314
greater and lesser trochanters separated by groove
intertrochanteric crest
315
area located on the shaft for muscle attachment
gluteal tuberosity
316
distally the femur terminates in the
lateral and medial condyles
317
two bones form the leg
tibia and fibula
318
tibia and fibula are joined together by
interosseous membrane
319
shinbone
tibia
320
at the proximal end of tibia are
mdial and lateral condyles
321
medial and lateral condyles separated by
intercondylar eminence
322
roughed protrusion on the anterior tibial surface, attachment site for the patellar ligament
tibial tuberosity
323
tibia articulates with the talus bone of the foot and a process called
medial malleolus
324
sharpened crest of the tibia
anterior border
325
head of fibula articulates with
lateral condyle of the tibia
326
fibula terminates with
lateral malleolus
327
bones of the foot 3 types
7 tarsal
5 metatarsal
14 phalanges
328
what are two functions of joints or articulations
1) hold bones together
| 2) allow skeleton flexibility
329
structural classifications (3)
fibrous
cartilaginous
synovil joints
330
functional classifications 3
synarthroses
amphiarthroses
diarthroses
331
synarthroses are what type
immovable
332
amphiarthroses are what type
slightly movable
333
diarthroses are what type
freely movable joints
334
bones joined by fibrous tissue
fibrous joints
335
type of movement of fibrous joints
virtually no movement
336
two types of fibrous joints
sutures and syndesmoses
337
sutures are what
irregular edges of the bones interlock and are united by short connective tissue fibers
338
what is syndesmoses
articulating bones are connected by short ligaments of dense fibrous tissue, the bones do not interlock
339
bones ends are connected by cartilage
cartilaginous joints
340
type of cartilaginous joint movements
slightly movable
341
important type of cartilaginous joint
symphysis
342
symphysis joint is what
connected by a broad flat disc of fibrocartilage
343
bone ends separate dby a joint cavity contianing synovial fluid
synovia joints
344
type of movement in synovial joints
freely movable
345
structural characteristics of synovial joints 5
1)joint surfaces are enclosed by a two-layered articular capsule
2) outer part of capsule is dense CT while inside is lines with smooth CT which produces synovial fluid
3)articulating surfaces of the bones are covered with hyaline cartilage
articular capsule is reinforced with ligaments and may contain bursae
346
three types of range of motion of synovial joints
uniaxial, biaxial, multiaxial
347
articulating surfaces are flat of slightly curved in one or two planes
plane
348
rounded process of one bone fits into the concave surface of another to allow movement in one plane
hinge
349
rounded or conical surface of one bone articulates with a shallow depression or forament in another bone
pivot
350
oval vondyle of bone fits into an oval depression in another bone
condyloid
351
articulating surfaces are saddle shaped
saddle
352
the ball shaped head of one bone fits into a cuplike depression of another
ball and socket
353
KNOW TYPES OF MOVEMENT
```
flexion
extension
rotation
abduction
adduction
circumduction
dorsiflexion
plantar flexion
inversion
eversion
pronation
supination
```
354
the bulk of the bodys muscle
skeletal muscle
355
when nuclei are pushed to the side longitudinally
myofibrils
356
smaller threadlike structures that make up myofibirls
myofilaments
357
myofilaments are composed of two proteins
actin and myosin
358
contractile unit of muscle
sarcomers
359
each muscle is composed in a delicate connective tissue sheath called
endomysium
360
several sheathed muscle fibers are wrapped by a collagenic membrane called
perimysium
361
perimysium wrapped fiber bundles are called
fascicles
362
large number of fascicles are bound by what
epimysium
363
epimysia belind into strong cordlike tendons called
aponeuroses
364
muscle more movable attachment is called
insertion
365
muscle fixed point
origin
366
junvtion between a nerve fiber and a muscle cells is
neuromuscular or myonerural juncion
367
motor axon breaks into many branches called
axon terminals
368
a neruron and all the muscle cells it stimulate make up the functional structure called
motor unit
369
neuron and muscle fibers are separated by a small fluid filled gap called
synaptic celft
370
three directional names of muscles
rectus, transvers, oblique
371
relative size of the muscle names
maximus, mminimus, longus, brevis
372
location of the muscle
named for bone it overlies
373
number of origins
biceps, triceps, quadriceps
374
location of muscles origin and insertion
ex ) sternoclastinoid
375
shape of the muscle
deltoid= triangular
| trapezius=trapezoid
376
action of the muscle
prime movers or agonists, or antagonists, synergists, fixators
377
muscles primarily responsible for producing a particular movement
prime movers
378
muscles that oppose or reverse a movement
antagonists
379
aid the action of prime moveres by reducing undesirable or unnecessary movement
synergists
380
specialized synergists that immovilize the origin of a prime mover so that all the tension is exerted at the insertion
fixators
381
KNOW ALL THE MUSCLES
BECAUSE ITS IMPORTANT
382
two major cell of nervous tissue
neurons and supporting cells
383
another name for supporting cells
microglia ofr glial cells
384
specialized to transmit messages from one part of the body to another
neurons
385
structure parts of a neuron
cell body, fibers, nuclei
386
clusters of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS
ganglia
387
neuron processes orunning through the CNS form what
tracts of white matter
388
neurone processes running through the PNS form what
peripheral nerves
389
neuron processes that conduct electrical currents toward the cell body
dendrites
390
neuron procces that carry eectrical impuslses away from the cell body
axons
391
area of neuron where neurotransmitters are stored
axon terminals
392
each axon terminal is separated from the cell body of the next neuron by a tiny gap called
synaptic cleft
393
most long nerve fibers are covered with a fatty material called
myelin
394
myelin covered fibers are called
myelinated fibers
395
axons in the peripheral nervous system are myelinated by special supporting cells called
schwann cells
396
schwann cells wrap around fiber to form
myelin sheath
397
part of the schwann cell external to the myelin sheath is referred to as
neurorilemma
398
gaps between teh schwann cells are
nodes of ranvier
399
neuron with one verys short process which divides into distal and proximal
uniplar neurons
400
neuron has two processes one axon and one dendrite attached to cell body
bipolar neuron
401
neuron where many processes issue from cell bondy and one is single axon
multipolar neurons
402
neurons carrying impulses from the sensory receptors are called
sensory or afferent neurons
403
neurons carrying activating impuses from CNS are called
motor neurons or efferent
404
third functional category of neurons is
interneurons or association neurons
405
within a nerve each fiber is surrounded by a delicate connective tissue sheath called
endoneurium
406
groups of fibers are bound by what to form bundles
perineurium
407
what are the bundles called
fascicles
408
what are all fascicles bound by
epineurium
409
nerves carrying both sensory and motor fibers are
mixed nerves
410
two divisions of the nervous system
central nervous system
| peripheral nervus system
411
central nervous system composed of
brain and spinal cord
412
peripheral nercous system
cranial and spinal nerves, ganglia, sensory receptors
413
most superior part of the brain
cerebral hemisphers
414
elevated ridges of the brain
gyri
415
depressed areas of the brain
fissues or sulci
416
cerebral hemisphers divided in half by
longitudinal fissure
417
line dividing frontal lobe from parietal lobe
central sulvus
418
separates temporal lobe from the paretal lobe
lateral sulcus
419
divides the occipital lobe from the parietal love
parietoocipital sulcus
420
anterior to the primary motor area
premotor area
421
region that stores the instructions for seqences of mtor activity
premotor area
422
motor speech area found at the base of the primary motor area
brocas area
423
outermost gray matter of the cerebrum
cerebral cortex
424
most of the balance of cerebral tissue consists of fibers tracts carrying impulses to or from the cortex
cerebral white matter
425
most superior portion of the brain stem
diencephalon
426
consists primarily of motor and sensory fiber tracts connecting the brain with lwer CNS centers
pons
427
lowest brain stem region
medulla oblongata
428
large cauliflowerlike projection dorsally from under the occipital lobe of the cerbrum
cerebellum
429
two superior prominence are visual reflex centers while the two inferior are audiotry reflex centers
corpora quadrigemina
430
major fiber tract connnecting the cerebral hemispheres
corpus callosum
431
buried deep within the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres are several islands of gray matter called
nuclei
432
helps regulate voluntary motor activities, important nuclei
basal nuclei
433
consists of two large lobes of gray matter that laterally enclose the shallow third ventricle of the brain
thalamus
434
a stalk of thalamic tissue that connects the two lobes and spans the ventricle
intermediate mass
435
makes up the floor of the third ventricle
hypothalamus
436
hangs from the floor of the hypothalamus by a slender stalk
pituitary gland
437
bylges exteriorly from the floor of the hypothalamus ust posterior to the pituitary gland
mammillary bodies
438
form the rood of the third ventricle
epithalamus
439
capillary knots within each ventricle form cerbrospinal fluid
choioid plexus
440
slender canal traveling through the mdibrain
cerebral aqueduct
441
treelike branching of the cerebellar white matter is called
arbor viae
442
brain is covered and protected by three connective tissue membranes called
meninges
443
outermost membrane is leathry double layered
dura mater
444
one or the layers of the dura mater attached to the inner surface of the skull
periosteal layer
445
one layer of the dura mater covering outermost brain
meningeal layer
446
dips into the longitudinal fissure toa ttach to the crista gallie
falx cerebri
447
cavity createrd at the falx cerebri is the
superior sagittal sius
448
what is middle meninge
arachnoid mater
449
arachnoid mater underlies the dura mater is is partially separated by what
subdural space
450
innermost meninge membrane
pia mater
451
specialized projections of the arachnoid tissue protrude through tehdura mater to allow cerbrosppinal fluid to dran back into the venous blood
arachnoid villi
452
cerebrospinal fluid is flormed by
choroid plexuses
453
collection of spinal nerves at the inferior end of the vertebral canal is called
cauda equina
454
cross sectiion of the spinal cord that looks like a butterfly
gray matter
455
two posterior projectios of the butterfly
dorsal horns
456
two broader anterior projections
ventral horns
457
in thoracic an dlumbar regions there is later gray matter referred to as
lateral horn
458
central area of gray matter
central canal
459
dorsal orns contain association neurons and sensory fibers that enter the cord via the
dorsa root
460
cell bodies of these sensory neurons are found in enlarged area of the dorsal root called
dorsal root ganglion
461
ventral horns contian cell bodies of morot neurons of the somatic nerous system which send their axons out via the
ventral root
462
the dorsal and ventral roots fuse to form
the spinal nerves
463
part of spinal cord composed of myelinated fibers most running to or from higher centers
white matter
464
three regions of the white matter
posterior, lateral, anterior columns
465
white column contains a number of fiber ________ composed of axons with the same origin, destination, and function
tracts
466
almost timmediately after emergioing each nerve divides into
dorsa and ventral rami
467
the ventral rami of spinal nerves T2-T12 pass anteriorly as
intercostal nerves
468
the ventral rami of all other spinal nerves form complex nerve networks called
plexuses
469
arises from the ventral rami of C1 through C5 and supplies muscles of the shoulder and neck
cervical plexus
470
major motor brand of cervical plexus is
phrenic nerve
471
arising from the ventral rami of C5 through C8 and T1 is
brachial plexus
472
brachial plexus divided into 5 major peripheral nerves
radial, median, axillary, musculocutaneous, ulnar
473
arises from ventral rami of L1 through L4
lumbar plexus
474
largest nerve of lumbar plexus
femoral nerve
475
arises from L4 through S4
sacral plexus
476
major peripheral nerve of the sacral plexus
sciatic nerve
477
the sciatic nerve divides into two nerves in the popliteal region
common fibular nerve and tibial nerve
478
reflexes are rapid, predictable, involuntary motor responses to stimuli and occur over neural pathways called
reflex arcs
479
reflexes not subject to conscious control
autonomic reflexes
480
reflexes that stimulate skeletal muscles
somatic reflexes
481
5 steps of reflex arc
receptor reacts to stimulus
sensory neuron conducts afferent impuls to CNS
integration center consists of one or more synapse
motor neuron conducts efferent impuls to effector
effector muscle or gland responds
482
two neuron reflex arc
monosynaptic
483
one or more neurons in the rele arc
polysynaptic
484
used to describe the point of close contact between the neurons or a neuron and an effector cell
synaspe
485
important postural reflexes that act to maintain posture, balance, and locomotion
stretch reflexes
486
intiated by stimulation of receptors in the ski and mucosae
superficial cord reflexes
487
consensual reflex
sensed on one side and not the other
488
other side has been stimulated
contralateral response
489
occuring on the same side stimulated and not the other
ipsilateral response
