Week 2 Study Cards Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
What are the two most supportive tissues found in the human body?
A
cartilage and bone
2
Q
In embryos, what is the skeleton mainly composed of?
A
hyaline cartilage
3
Q
In adults, what is the skeleton mainly composed of?
A
rigid bone
4
Q
What are functions of the skeleton?
A
1) system of levers the skeletal muscles use to move the body
2) bones store lipids and many minerals
3) bones provide a site for blood cell formation in their red marrow cavities
5
Q
What are the to subdivisions of the skeleton?
A
axial structure
appendicular skeleton
6
Q
What is the axial skeleton?
A
bones that form the body’s longitudinal axis
7
Q
What is the appendicular skeleton
A
bones of the girdles and limbs
8
Q
What are the scarred array of bumps holes and ridges in the bones?
A
bone markings
9
Q
What are the two categories that bone markings fall into?
A
projections or depressions
10
Q
What are projections of the bone
A
process that grow out from the bone and serve as sites of muscle attachments or help form joints
11
Q
What are depressions of the bone?
A
indentations, openings in the bone that serve as passageways for nerves and blood vessels
12
Q
How many bones are in the body?
A
206
13
Q
What are the two basic kinds of osseous tissue that differ in texture?
A
compact and spongy
14
Q
What is compact osseous tissue?
A
dense and looks smooth and homogenous
15
Q
What is spongy bone tissue?
A
small trabeculae of bone and lots of open spaces
16
Q
What are the four groups that bones can be classified in?
A
long, short, flat, irregular
17
Q
What are long bones. Give some examples.
A
bones that are longer than they are wide and generally consist of a shaft with heads at either end. Comprised of mostly compact bone. Examples: femur, phalanges
18
Q
What are short bones. Give some examples.
A
cube-shaped and they contain more spongy bone than compact bone. tarsals and carpals
19
Q
What are flat bones. Give some examples
A
thin with a layer of spongy bone sandwiched between two waferlike layers of compact bone. Example: skull are flat bones
20
Q
What are irregular bones?
A
vertebrae and others that do not fall into one of the preceding categories
21
Q
What is the diaphysis?
A
shaft of the bone
22
Q
What is the periosteum?
A
fibrous membrane that covers the bone surface
23
Q
What are perforating fibers/ Sharpey’s fibers?
A
fibers of the periosteum penetrate into the bone
24
Q
What is the epiphysis?
A
end of the long bone. thin layer of compact bone enclosing spongy bone
25
What is articular cartilage?
covers the epiphyseal surface in place of the periosteum. composed of glassy hyaline cartilage and provides a smooth surface to prevent friction at joint surfaces
26
What is epiphyseal plate?
a thin area of hyaline cartilage that provides for growth in bone length
27
In becoming an adult the epiphyseal plate goes away and forms what?
epipyseal lines
28
What are epiphyseal lines?
discernible remnants of the epiphyseal plate
29
What is yellow marrow?
storage region for adipose tissue
30
What is red marrow?
found in infants and is involved in forming blood cells, found in the central marrow cavities
31
What is endosteum?
lines the medulary cavity
32
What is the central (Haversian) canal?
central canal runs parallel to long axis of the bone and carries blood vessels and nerves through the body matrix
33
What is lacunae?
chambers
34
What are osteocytes?
mature bone cells
35
What are lamellae?
osteocytes arranged in concentric circles around the central canal
36
What is the central canal and all the lamellae surrounding it referred to as?
osteon or Haversian system
37
What are canaliculi?
tiny canals running from a central canal to the lucunae of the first lamella and then from lamella to lamella
38
What are perforating (Volkmann's) canals?
canals that run into the compact bone and marrow cavity from the periosteum, at right angles to the shaft
39
What are the three parts of the axial skeleton?
skull, vertebral column and bony thorax
40
What are the two bone sets that make up the skull?
cranial bones
| facial bones
41
What are the interlocking joints of the bones in the skull called?
sutures
42
What bone is attached to the skull with freely movable joints?
mandible
43
How many flat bones construct the cranium?
eight
44
What is the function of the cranium?
to enclose and protect the brain
45
What is the frontal bone?
front portion of the cranium, forms forehead, superior part of the orbit, and anterior part of cranial floor
46
What is the parietal bone?
posterior and lateral to the frontal bone, forming sides of cranium
47
What is saggital suture?
midline articulation point of the two parietal bones
48
What is coronal suture?
point where the parietals meet the frontal bone
49
What is the temporal bone?
inferior to parietal bone of lateral part of skull
50
What is squamous suture?
point where temporal bone articulates with the parietal bone
51
What is zygomatic process?
a bridgelike projection that joins the zygmotic bone anteriorly. Together these two bones form zygomatic arch
52
What is external acoustic meatus?
canal leading to eardrum
53
What is styloid process?
Needle like projection inferior to external auditory meatus that serves as an attachment point for muscles and ligaments of the neck
54
What is mastoid process?
rough projection inferior and posterior to external auditory meatus, an attachment site for muscles
55
What is the jagular foramen?
Opening medial to styloaid process through which the internal jugular vein and cranial nerves pass
56
What is the carotid canal?
Opening medial to the styloid process that allows the internal carotid artery to enter the cranial cavity
57
What is the internal acoustic meatus?
Opening on posterior aspect of temporal bone allowing cranial nerves to pass
58
What is the occipital bone?
most posterior bone of the cranium: forms the floor and back wall, joins the sphenoid bone anteriorly
59
What is lambdoid suture?
point of articulation of occipital bone and parietal bone
60
What is foramen magnum?
large opening in base of occipital that allows the spinal cord to join with the brain
61
What is occipital condyles?
rounded projections lateral to the foramen magnum that articulate with the first cervical vertebra
62
What is the sphenoid bone?
bat shaped bone forming a plateau across the width of the skull
63
What are the greater wings?
portions of the sphenoid seen exteriorly on the lateral aspect of the skull, anterior to the temporal bones. Form part of the orbits of the eyes
64
What are the sella turcica? (turk's saddle)
A saddle-shaped region in the sphenoid midline which nearly encloses the pituitary gland
65
What are the lesser wings?
bat shaped portions of the sphenoid anterior to the sell turcica
66
What are the foramen ovale?
opening posterior to the sell turcica that allows a branch of cranial nerve to pass
67
What is the optic canal?
allows optic nerve to pass
68
What is the superior orbital fissure?
transmits cranial nerves to the eye
69
What is the ethmoid bone?
irregularly shaped bone anterior to sphenoid. Forms roof of nasal cavity, upper nasal septum, and part of the medial orbit walls
70
What is crista galli? (cock's comb)
Vertical projection to which the dura mater attaches
71
What is cribriform plates?
bony plates lateral to the crista galli through which olfactory fibers pass to the brain from the nasal mucosa
72
What is the supperior and middle nasal conchae?
Thin delicately coiled plates of bone extending medially from the ethmoid into the nasal cavity
73
What is the function of the conchae?
to increase the surface area of the mucosa that covers them, warming and humidifying the air breathed in
74
What is the mandible?
lower jawbone, ariculates with the temporal bones in the only freely movable joints of the skull
75
What is the body of the facial bones?
horizontal portions, forms the chin
76
What is the ramus of the facial bones?
vertical extension of the body on either side
77
What is the alveolar margin of the facial bones?
superior margin of mandible, contains sockets for the lower teeth
78
What is the maxillae?
two bones fused in a median suture and form the upper jawbone and part of the orbits
79
What is the palatine process?
forms the anterior hard palate
80
What is the palatine bone?
paired bones posterior to the palatine processes; form the posterior hard palate and part of the orbit
81
What is the zygomatic bone?
Lateral to the maxilla; forms the part of the face commonly called the cheekbone and part of lateral orbit
82
What is lacrimal bone?
fingernail-sized bones forming a part of the medial orbit walls between the maxilla and the ethmoid. Passage way for tears
83
What is the nasal bone?
small rectangular bones forming the bridge of the nose
84
What is the vomer?
blade-shaped bone in median plane of nasal cavity that forms most of the nasal septum
85
What does vomer mean?
plow
86
What is the inferior nasal concae?
thin curved bones protruding medially from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity
87
What is the hyoid bone?
located in the throat above the larynx and is the point of attachment for tongue and neck muscle. Has two pairs of horns
88
Where is the hyoid bone located?
In the throat, not considered a part of the skull
89
What are the horns on the hyoid bone called?
cornua
90
What are the four paranasal sinuses?
maxillary, sphenoid, ethmoid, frontal
91
Which is the largest sinus?
maxillary
92
What is the function of the sinuses?
make skull lighter, voice resonance
93
What are fontanels in babies?
fibrous membranes between the bones of a fetal skull to allow compression during birth and brain growth later in life
94
What is the vertebral column?
spine
95
How many single bones are composed in the vertebral column? What are the other two bones that compose it and what are the single bones called?
24 vertebrae, coccyx, sacrum
96
The vertebral column can be broken down into three section, what are they and how many bones in each one?
```
cervical vertebrae (very top)-7
thoracic vertebrae (middle)-12
lumbar vertebrae (lower)-5
```
97
What are the individual vertebrae separated by
pads of fibrocartilage called intervertebral discs
98
What is the function of intervertebral discs?
absorb shock while providing the spine flexibility
99
What is the structure of intervertebral discs?
outside ring that is tough collagen fibers that aid in stabilization of disk and central gelatinous region that behaves like a fluid
100
What are three abnormal spine curvatures?
scoliosis- s curve
kyphosis-humpback
lordosis-gut forward
101
What is the vertebral arch?
composed of pedicles, laminae, and spinous process, it represents junction of all posterior extensions from the vertebral body
102
What is the vertebral foramen?
opening enclosed by the body and vertebral arch through which the spinal cord passes
103
What is the transverse processes?
two lateral projections from the vertebral arch
104
What is the spinous process?
single posterior projection from the vertebral arch
105
What is the superior and inferior articular processes?
paired projections lateral to the vertebral foramen that enable adjacent vertebrae to articulate with one another
106
What do the seven cervical vertebrae form?
the neck
107
What is the first of the cervical vertebrae called and what is its specific function?
atlas. lacks a body and contains large depressions on their superior surfaces that receive the occipital condyles of the skull. enables you to nod yes
108
What is the second of the cervical vertebrae called and what is its specific function?
axis. It acts as a pivot for rotation of the atlas above
109
What is the large vertical process of the axis called?
dens. these act as the pivot point
110
Which vertebrae is considered vertebra prominens and why?
the seventh from the top because it is mos prominent
111
The next 12 form the thoracic vertebrae. What is different between cervical and thoracic?
they are larger and have a bigger body
112
What are characteristics of the thoracic vertebrae body?
heart shaped, with two small articulating surfaces on each side that articulate with the heads of the ribs
113
What are characteristics of the lumbar vertebrae body?
massive blocklike bodies and short thick hatchet-shaped spinous processes extending directly backward. They are most sturdy of all vertebrae due to stress
114
What is the sacrum?
formed from the fusion of 5 vertebrae and is the posterior border of the pelvis
115
What is the median sacral crest?
remnant of the spinous processes of the fused vertebrae
116
What are the winglike alae?
articulate laterally with the hip bones forming the sacroiliac joints
117
What is the sacral foramina?
passageways in the sacrum for blood vessels and nerves
118
What is the savral canal?
the end of the sacrum that terminates near the coccyx in the sacral hiatus
119
What is the coccyx?
fusion of three to five small irregularly shaped vertebrae and forms the tailbone
120
What is the bony thorax?
composed of sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae
121
What is the bony thorax also referred to as?
thoracic cage
122
What is the sternum? What three parts is it composed of?
fusion of three bones to form a flat bone and is attached to the first seven pairs of ribs. it is the breastbone. The three parts are manubrium, body, and xiphoid process
123
What is the manubrium?
looks like a knot of a tie. articulates with the clavicle (collarbone)
124
What does the body form?
the sternum
125
What does the xiphoid process form?
the inferior end of the sternum
126
How many pairs of ribs form the walls of the thoracic cage?
12
127
What are true ribs and how many are there?
7 of them. they attach directly to the sternum by their own cartilage
128
What are false ribs and how many are there?
5 of them. They do not directly attach to the sternum by their own carilage
3 of them attach, 2 are floating ribs
129
What are floating ribs?
the two bottom pairs that have no sternal attachment
