Week 8 Study Cards Flashcards
(178 cards)
1
Q
What are the names of the arteries going from largest to smallest?
A
arteries, smaller arteries, arterioles, feed into capillary beds
2
Q
What are capillary beds drained by?
A
venules
3
Q
What do the venules empty into?
A
veins
4
Q
What do the veins empty into?
A
the heart
5
Q
What are arteries?
A
carrying blood away from the heart
6
Q
What are veins?
A
carry blood to the heart
7
Q
What are the only vessels that serve the needs of the body’s cells directly?
A
capillaries
8
Q
What occurs through the capillary walls?
A
exchange of materials (gases, nutrients, waters)
9
Q
Except for the tiny capillaries, the walls of blood vessels have how many layers?
A
3 coats
10
Q
What are the coats called generally?
A
tunics
11
Q
What is the innermost tunic?
A
tunica intima
12
Q
What does the tunica intima line?
A
lumen of a vessel
13
Q
What is the structure of tunica intima?
A
single thin layer of endolithium, really smooth lining
14
Q
What is the function of tunica intima?
A
reduce friction as blood flows through the vessel
15
Q
What is the middle layer tunic?
A
tunica media
16
Q
What is tunica media composed of?
A
bulky middle coat, smooth muscle and elastic tissue
17
Q
What is the smooth muscle of the tunica media controlled by?
A
sympathetic nervous system
18
Q
What is the function of the middle layer?
A
to actively change the diameter of blood vessels which in turn alters peripheral resistance and blood pressure
19
Q
What is the outermost tunic?
A
tunica externa
20
Q
What is the tunica externa composed of?
A
fibrous connective tissue
21
Q
What is the function of the tunica externa?
A
to support and protect the vessel
22
Q
In the walls of blood vessels, what is different between arteries and veins?
A
arteries are thicker due to a dense muscle tunica media layer
23
Q
What is the purpose of arteries being thicker?
A
expanding and coiling faster due to more blood pressure
24
Q
Why are the lumens of the veins larger than corresponding arteries?
A
to help blood return to heart
25
What modification in veins helps blood flow back to heart?
valves
26
What is the purpose of valves?
to prevent backflow of the blood
27
What physical thing aids in blood returning to the heart?
skeletal movement
28
How thick are capillary walls?
1 cell thick
29
What composes capillary walls?
endothlium underlain by a small amount of fine connective tissue
30
What is the largest artery in the body
aorta
31
What does the aorta extend upward as from the left ventricle?
ascending aorta
32
At what area does the aorta start bending down posteriorly?
aortic arch
33
What is the part of the aorta that courses downward?
thoracic aorta
34
The aorta passes through the diaphragm to enter the abdominal cavity as what?
abdominal aorta
35
What are the only branches of the ascending aorta?
right and left coronary arteries
36
What do the right and left coronary arteries supply?
myocardium
37
What is the first branch of the aortic arch?
brachiocephalic trunk
38
What are the other branches of the aortic arch?
left common carotid artery
| left subclavian artery
39
What does the brachiocephalic artery split and divide into?
right common carotid artery and right subclavian artery
40
What does the common carotid arteries divide to form?
internal carotid artery and external carotid artery
41
What does the internal carotid artery serve?
the brain
42
What does the external carotid artery serve?
tissues external to the skull in the neck and head
43
What is the first branch of the subclavian arteries?
vertebral artery
44
What does the vertebral artery serve?
cerebellum, brain stem, posterior cerebral hemisphers
45
When the subclavian artery reaches armpit, what does it become?
axillary
46
What does the axillary artery serve?
upper limb
47
As the axillary enters the arm, what does the axillary become?
brachial artery
48
What does the brachial artery divide into?
radial and ulnar arteries
49
What are most of the thorax wall and the anterior intercostal structures supplied by
anterior intercostal artery branches
50
What is the posterior intercostal structures served by?
posterior intercostal arteries
51
What are the small arteries that serve the diaphragm?
phrenic arteries
52
What are the small arteries that serve the esophagus?
esophageal arteries
53
What small arteries serve the bronchi
bronchial arteries
54
What is an unpaired artery that splits into three branches?
celiac trunk
55
What are the three branches of the celiac trunk?
left gastric artery, splenic artery, common hepatic artery,
56
What does the gastric artery supply?
stomach
57
What does the splenic artery supply?
spleen
58
What does the common hepatic artery serve?
gives off branches to stomach, small intestine, and pancreas
59
What does the common hepatic artery become?
hepatic artery proper
60
What does the hepatic artery proper serve?
liver
61
What is the largest branch of the abdominal aorta?
superior mesenteric artery
62
What does the superior mesenteric artery serve?
small intestine and first half of large intestine
63
What do the paired renal arteries serve?
kidneys
64
What do the gonadal arteries serve?
gonads
65
What are the two different names for the gonadal arteries depending on sex?
ovarian arteries
| testicular arteries
66
What is the final major branch of the abdominal aorta?
inferior mesenteric artery
67
What does the inferior mesenteric artery supply?
distal half of the large intestine
68
In the pelvic region, the descending aorta divides into what?
two large common iliac arteries
69
What do the two large common iliac arteries serve?
pelvis, lower abdominal wall, lower limbs
70
What do the common iliac arteries divide into?
internal and external iliac arteries
71
What do the internal iliac arteries supply?
gluteal muscles and the adductor muscles of the medial thigh, genitals
72
What does the external iliac artery supply?
anterior abdominal wall and the lower limb
73
What does the external iliac artery change its name to as it enters the thigh?
femoral artery
74
What do the branches of the femoral artery supply?
head of the femur and the hamstring muscles
75
What does the deep branch or the femoral artery form?
deep femoral artery
76
What does the deep femoral artery supply?
posterior thigh (knee flexor muscles)
77
At the knee what does the femoral artery become?
popliteal artery
78
What are the subdivisions of the popliteal artery?
anterior and posterior tibial arteries
79
What do the anterior and posterior tibial arteries serve?
leg and foot
80
What does the anterior tibial artery supply directly
extensor muscles
81
What does the anterior tibial artery terminates with?
dorsalis pedis artery
82
What does the dorsalis pedic artery supply?
dorsum of the foot
83
What does the dorsalis pedis artery continue on to?
arcuate artery
84
Arteries are more deep while veins are what?
more superficial
85
What do the veins that drain the head and upper extremity empty into?
superior vena cava
86
What do the veins that drain the lower body enter into?
inferior vena cava
87
Where does the inferior vena cava begin with?
in the lower abdominal region with the union of the paired common iliac veins
88
What do the common iliac veins drain?
blood from the legs and pelvis
89
What forms the union of the common iliac veins?
internal iliac veins and the external iliac veins
90
What do the internal iliac veins drain?
the pelvis
91
What do the external iliac veins drain?
lower limbs
92
Which veins serve the calf and foot?
anterior and posterior tibial veins
93
what is the anterior vein a continuation of?
dorsalis pedis vein
94
What forms the posterior vein?
media and lateral plantar veins
95
What do the medial and lateral plantar veins join with?
fibular peroneal vein
96
What does the fibular peroneal vein produce?
popliteal vein
97
What does the popliteal vein form?
femoral vein
98
What does the femoral vein form?
external iliac vein
99
What is the longest vein in the body?
the great saphenous vein
100
Where does the great saphenous vein begin?
small saphenous vein
101
Where does the great saphenous vein extend from?
dorsal venous arch
102
Where does the great saphenous vein empty into?
femoral vein
103
What does the small saphenous vein drain?
the calf muscle and then emptying into the popliteal vein
104
What does the inferior vena cava receive blood from?
posterior abdominal wall via several pairs of lumbar veins and from the right ovar or testis via the right gonadal vein
105
What does the left gonadal vein drain into?
left renal vein superiorly
106
What do the paired renal veins drain into?
the kidneys
107
What is just above the right renal vein
right suprarenal vein
108
what does the right suprarenal vein empty into?
inferior vena cava
109
What does the left suprarenal vein empty into
left renal vein inferiorly
110
What does the right and left hepatic vein drain into?
the liver
111
The unpaired veins during the digestive tract organs empty into what special vessel
hepatic portal vein
112
What does the hepatic portal vein carry
blood to the liver to be processed before it enters the systemtic venous system
113
What veins drain the head, neck, upper extremeties?
right and left brachiocephalic veins
114
what are branches of the braciocephalic veins
internal jugular, vertebral, and subclavian veins
115
What are the jugular veins?
large veins that drain the dural sinuses of the brain, receive blood from the head and neck as they move inferiorly
116
What are the vertebral veins?
drain the posterior aspect of the head and neck as they move inferiorly
117
What are the subclavian veins
receive venous blood from the upper limb
118
What are the external jagular vein?
returning venous dainage of the extracranial tssues of the head and neck, joins the subclavian vein near its origin
119
As the subclavian vein enters the axilla what does it become
axillary vein
120
What does the axillary vein become
brachial vein
121
What is the brachial vein formed by
radial and ulnar veins
122
What does the superficial venous drainage of the arm includes what
cephalic vein
123
What does the cephalic vein empty into
axillary vein
124
What vein enters the brachial vein?
basilic vein
125
What vein enters the anterior elbos
median cubital vein
126
What drains th e right side of the thorax, enters the dorsal aspect of the superior vena vaca just before that vessel enters the heart
azygos vein
127
What does the pulmonary circulation begin with?
pulmonary trunk
128
Where does the pulmonary trunk leave
right ventricle
129
what does the pulmonary trunk divide into
right and left pulmonary arteries
130
The pulmonary arteries plunge into the lungs where they subdivide into what
lobar arteries
131
Where does diffusion in the lungs occur
pulmonary capillaries and air sacs
132
What are the pulmonary capillaries drained by?
venules
133
What do the venules form
pulmonary veins
134
how many pulmonary veins are there
4
135
What are the three blood vessels of the umbilical cord
umbilical vein
umbilical arteries
ductus venosis
136
What does the umbilical veins do
carries blood rich in nutrients and oxygen to the fetus
137
What does the smaller umbilical arteries do
carry carbon dioxide and waste laden blood from the fetus to the placenta
138
What does the ductus venosis do?
shun oxygenated blood to bypass the immature liver through the inferior vena cava to the right atrium
139
Some of the blood entering the right atrium moves into the left atrium through what
foramen ovale
140
What is the foramen ovale
flaplike opening in the interatrial septum
141
What is the ductus arteriosus
a short vessel connecting the pulmonary trunk and the aorta
142
The veins of the hepatic portal circulation do what and drain into what
drain the digestive organs, spleen, and pancreas, and deliver blood to the liver via hepatic portal vein
143
What is the liver drained by
hepatic veins that enter the inferior vena cava
144
What drains the distal part of the large intestine
inferior mesenteric vein
145
What does the inferior mesenteric veins join
splenic vein
146
What does the splenic vein drain
spleen, pancreas, stomach
147
What drains the small intestine
superior mesenteric vein
148
What do the superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein unite to form
hepatic portal vein
149
What drains the lesser curvature of the stomach, drains directly into the hepatic portal vein
left gastric vein
150
the brain is supplied by two pairs of arteries arising from the region of the aortic arch
internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries
151
What are the branches of the common carotid arteries that take a deep course through the neck, entering the skull through the carotid canals of the temporal bone
internal carotid arteries
152
What do the internal carotid arteries
anterior and middle cerebral arteries
153
what do the anterior and middle cerebral arteries supply
cerebrum
154
What do the internal carotid arteries contribute to
circle of Willis
155
What does the circle of Willis help form
posterior communicating artery
156
What is the circle completed by
anterion communicating artery
157
What branches from the subclavian arteries and pass superiorly through the transvers processes of the cervical vetebrae to enter the skull through the foramen magnum
vertebral arteries
158
What do the vertebral arteries unite to form what?
basilar artery
159
What does the basilar artery divide at the base of the cerebrum
posterior cerebral arteries
160
What do the posterior cerebral arteries supply
posterior part of the cerebrum and become part of the circle of Willis
161
In a healthy heart what contracts simultaneously
atria
162
as the atria begins to relax what contracts
ventricles
163
systole and diastole refere to what
contraction and relaxation (in that order)
164
What is the cardiac cycle
one complete heartbeat during which both atria and ventricles contract and relax
165
What are the two distinct sounds heard during cardiac cycle
lub and dub of heart sounds
166
When does the lub sound occur
beginning of systole when AV valves close at beginning of cyclee
167
The dup occurs when
semilunar valves close at the end of systole
168
What does the term pulse refer to
alternating surges of pressure in an artery that occur with each beat of the left ventricle
169
What is the average beat per minute
70-76
170
What is pulse deficit
large differences between values observed
171
What is blood pressure?
the pressure the blood exerts against the inner blood vessel walls
172
What are the two blood pressure readings
systolic pressure and diastolic pressure
173
What is systolic pressure
pressure in the arteries at the peak of ventricular ejection
174
What is diastolic pressure
the pressure during ventricular relaxation
175
what is normal blood pressure
120/80
176
What is a sphygmomanometer
blood pressure cuff
177
What is the sounds coming from the partially blocked artery
sounds of Korotkoff
178
arterial blood pressure is directly proportional to what
cardiac output and peripheral resistance
