Week 10 Flashcards
(164 cards)
1
Q
What is the main excretory system
A
urinary system
2
Q
What does the urinary system remove
A
nirtogenous waste
3
Q
What is the function of the kidneys
A
maintains the electrolyte, acid base, and fluid balances of the blood
4
Q
What is the major homeostatic organ of the body
A
kidneys
5
Q
Where are the kidneys located
A
dorsal body wall in the superior lumbar region
6
Q
Why is the right kidney slightly lower than the left kidney
A
because it is crowded by the liver
7
Q
What holds the kidneys in place
A
perirenal fat capsules
8
Q
What type of organ are the kidneys
A
retroperitoneal
9
Q
What diverges from the descending aorta and plunge into the indented medial region of each kidney
A
renal arteries
10
Q
What is the name of the area where the renal artery plunges into the kidneys
A
hilum
11
Q
What is the function of the renal arteries
A
bring blood to the kidneys
12
Q
What is the function of the renal veins
A
drain the kidneys of circulatory drainage
13
Q
What is the function of the ureters
A
drain urine from the kidneys and conduct it to the bladder
14
Q
What stores the urine
A
urinary bladder
15
Q
What drains the bladder
A
urethra
16
Q
What is the triangular region of the bladder which is outlined by three openings
A
trigone
17
Q
What is the top muscle the helps control outflow of urine
A
internal urethral sphincter
18
Q
Is the internal urethral sphincter involuntary or voluntary
A
involuntary
19
Q
What is the lower muscle that helps control outflow of urine
A
external urethral sphicter
20
Q
Is the external urethral sphincter involuntary or voluntary
A
voluntary
21
Q
How long is the male urethra
A
20 cm
22
Q
What does the male urethra travel the length of
A
penis
23
Q
What are the three named regions of the male urethra
A
prostatic
membranous
spongy
24
Q
How long is the female urethra
A
4 cm
25
What is the external opening of the female urethra
external urethral orifice
26
What is the kidney enclosed in by
fibrous capsule
27
What is the function of the fibrous capsule
prevents infections in surrounding areas from spreading to the kidneys
28
What is the superficial kidney region which is lighter in color
kidney cortex (renal cortex)
29
What is deep to the cortex and is a darker reddish brown color
renal medulla
30
What are the segregated triangular portions of the medulla
renal pyramids
31
The base of the pyramid points which way
out towards the cortex
32
What is the point of the pyramid called
apex
33
What are the areas of tissue, more like the cortex in appearance which separates the medullary pyramids
renal columns
34
What is medial to the hilum, relatively flat, basin like cavity that is continuous with the ureter
renal pelvis
35
What is the ureter
exits from the hilum region
36
What are the fingerlike extensions of the pelvis from cuplike areas
calyces
37
What is the function of the calyces
collect urine draining continuously from the pyramidal tips into the pelvis
38
What are little red and blue specks of the cortex
glomeruli
39
How is blood supplied to the liver
renal arteries
40
As the renal artery approaches liver what does it do
branch into five branches
41
What are the five branches called
segmental arteries
42
What does each segmental artery do?
divides into several lobar arteries
43
What does each lobar artery do?
branch to form interlobar arteries
44
Where do the interlobar arteries extend
ascend toward the cortex in the renal column areas
45
At the top of the medullary region what do the interlobar arteries give off
arcuate arteries, which are branches
46
What branches off the arcuate arteries
cortical radiate arteries
47
Where do the cortical radiate arteries go
ascend into the cortex
48
As the cortical radiate arteries ascend what do they give off
branches of afferent arterioles
49
What do the afferent arterioles provide
the capillary networks that supply the nephrons or functional units of the kidney
50
What are the two capillary networks of the kidney
glomeruli and peritubular capillary beds
51
Blood draining from the nephron capillary networks enters what
cortical radiate veins
52
What do the cortical radiate veins drain into
arcuate veins and interlobar veins
53
What do the arcuate veins and interlobar veins drain into
renal vein
54
What is the anatomical units responsible for forming urine
nephrons
55
What does each nephron consist of
glomerulus and renal tubule
56
What is a glomerulus
capillary knot
57
What is the enlarged end of the tubule encasing the glomerulus
glomerular (bowman's) capsule
58
The inner wall of the glomerulus wall consists of specialized cells called
podocytes
59
What are the long branching processes of the podocytes called
foot processes
60
What do the podocytes form
porous membrane around the glomerulus
61
What is the descending portion of the tubule
proximal convoluted tubule
62
What is the name of the curve in the tubule
loop of Henle
63
What is the ascending portion of the tubule
distal convoluted tubule
64
What are most of the nephrons specifically called
cortical nephrons
65
What are the nephrons located close to the cortex medulla junction called
juxtamedullary nephrons
66
What is the part that receives urine from the many nephrons and runs downward through the medullary pyramids to empty the urine product into the calyces and pelvis
collecting ducts
67
How is the glomerlus a high pressure bed along its entire length
1) fed and drained by arterioes (higher resistance vessel)
| 2) the feeder afferent arteriole is larger in diameter than the efferent arteriole draining the bed
68
What does this pressure created do?
forces out fluid and blood components smaller than protein from the glomerlus into the glomerular capsule
69
What arises from the effernet arteriole draining the glomerulus
peritubular capillary bed
70
What type of pressure are the peritubular capillary beds
low pressure
71
What is the effect of low pressure
adaped for absorption and readily take up of solutes and water reclaimed from the filtrate by the tubule cells
72
What is the yellow color of urine due to
urochrome
73
What does urochrome result from
breakdown of hemoglobin
74
What give urine the ammonia like odor
bacterial action
75
What is the pH of urine
6.0
76
What is specific gravity
relative weight of a specific volume of liquid compared with an equal volume of distilled water
77
What is kidney inflammation
pyelonephritis
78
What occurs when the solutes begin to precipitate or crystalliz
kidney stones or renal calculi
79
What is the biological function of the reproductive system
perpetuate the species
80
What is the reproductive role of the male
to manufacture sperm and deliver them to the female reproductive tract
81
What is the reproductive role of the female
produces eggs and nurture and protect the embroyo until birth
82
What are the primary sex organs of the male
testes and gonads
83
What type of function do these sex organs have
endocrine and exocrine
84
What is the endocrine function of the male sex organs
sperm production
85
What is the exocrine function of the male sex organs
testosterone production
86
Where do the paired oval testes lie
scrotal sac
87
Where is the scrotal sac located
outside the abdominopelvic cavity
88
What is the function of the scrotal sac
keep the temperature there slightly lower than body temperature to produce viable sperm
89
What are the accesory structures forming the duct system
epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct
90
What is the epididymis
elongated structure running up the posterolateral aspect of the testis and capping its superior aspect
91
What is the function of the epididymis
site for immature sperm to mature
92
What is the ductus deferens
sperm ducts
93
Where does the ductus deferens run
superiorly from the epididymis, through the inguinal canal into the pelvic cavity and arches over the superior aspect of the urinary bladder
94
What is the ductus deferens enclosed in by
blood vessels and nerves in a connective tissue sheath
95
What is this sheath called
spermatic cord
96
What does the end of the ductus deferens empty into
ejaculatory duct
97
What does contraction of the ejaculatory duct do
propel sperm through prostate gland to the prostatic urethra
98
What does the prostatic urethra empty into
membranous urethra
99
What does the membranous urethra empty into
spongy penile urethra
100
What are accessory glands of the male reproductive system
prostate, seminal glands, bulbo-urethral glands
101
What do the glands produce
seminal fluid
102
What is the seminal fluid
liquid medium in which sperm leaves the body
103
What are seminal glands (vesicles)
produce a thick alkaline secretion containing fructose and other substances that nourish or activate the sperm passing through
104
What is the function of the prostate
secretion of milky fluid into the urethra which plays a role in activating the sperm
105
What are the bulbo-urethral glands
tiny, pea shaped glands inferior to the prostate
106
What is the function of the bulbo-urethral glands
produce a thick clear mucus that drains into the membranous urethra
107
What is the function of the clear mucus produced by the bulbo urethral glands
to wash residual urine out of the urethra when ejaculation of semen occurs
108
What is the part of the external genitalia of the male
penis
109
What does the shaft terminates into
enlarged tip, glans
110
What is the skin that reflects downward to form a fold of skin
prepuce or foreskin
111
What is the process in which the foreskin is removed
circumcision
112
What is it causes when the cylinders in the penis fill with blood
erection
113
What is the dense capsule of the testis
tunica albuginea
114
What type of tissue makes up the capsule of the testis
dense connective tissue capsule
115
Extensions of the tunca albuginea do what
divide the testis into a number of lobes
116
What do the lobes of the testis house
seminiferous tubules
117
What is the seminiferous tubules function
sperm forming factories
118
What do the seminiferous tubules empty the sperm into
rete testis
119
Where does the rete testis empty
epididymis
120
What lies in the connective tissue between the seminiferous tubules
interstitial cells
121
What is the function of the interstitial cells
produce testosterone
122
What are the three regions of sperm
head, midpiece and tail
123
What is contained in the head of the sperm
DNA of the chromosomes
124
What is anterior to the nucleus
acrosome
125
What is the function of the acrosome
contains enzymes involved in sperm penetration of the egg
126
What are the primary sex organs of the femal
ovaries
127
What type of function is the ovaries
endocrine and exocrine
128
What is the endocrine function of the ovaries
estrogens and progesterone
129
What is the exocrine function of the ovaries
produce an egg
130
What does the external genitalia consist of
mons pubis, labia majora and minora, the clitoris, urethral and vaginal orifices and greater vestibular glands
131
What is the mons pubis
rounded fatty area overlying the pubic symphysis
132
What are the labia majora
two elongated hair covered skin folds
133
What is enclosed in the labia majora
labia minora
134
What are the labia minora
hair free folds
135
The labia minora encloses what
vestibule
136
What is the vestibule
contains the clitoris, urethral orifice, vaginal orifice
137
What is the clitoris
highly sensitive erectile tissue and is hooded by a prepuce
138
What is the urethral orifice
outlet for the urinary system and has no reproductive function
139
What is the vaginal opening flanked by
greater vestibular glands
140
What does the greater vestibular glands secrete
mucus for lubrication
141
What do the internal female organs include
vagina, uterus, uterine tubes, ovaries, and structures that suspend these organs
142
What is the vagina
copulatory organ and birth canal and permits the menstrual flow to pass
143
How long is the vagina
4 inches
144
What is the pear shaped organ
uterus
145
What is the uterus
muscular organ with its narrow end directed inferiorly
146
What is the narrow end of the uterus
cirvix
147
What is the major portion of the uterus
body
148
WHat is the uterus's superior rounded region above the entrance of the uterine tubes
fundus
149
Where do the uterine or fallopian tubes enter the uterus
the superior part about 10 cm toward the ovaries
150
The distal end of the fallopian tubes have fingerlike projections called what
fimbriae
151
What is the fold that encloses the uterine tubes and uterus and secures them to the lateral body walls
body ligament
152
What help attach the uterus to the body wall
round ligaments and uterosacral ligaments
153
What are the ovaries supported by medially
ovarian ligament
154
What are the ovaries supported by laterally
suspensory ligaments
155
What do the eggs begin their development in
saclike structures called follicles
156
What do the follicles produce
estrogens
157
When the egg reaches the stage of maturity, it is ejected from the ovary in the even tcalled
ovulation
158
THe ruptured follicle is then converted to what which secretes progesterone
corpus luteum
159
What is the outermost layer of the ovary
germinal epithelium
160
What are the one or a few layers of the cuboidal follicle cells surrounding the larger central developing ovum
primary follicle
161
What are follicles consisting of several layers of follicle cells surrounding the central devolepoing ovum and beginning to show evidence of fluid accumulation in a central cavity
secondary follicles (growing)
162
What is the stage of development that the follicle has a large antrum containing fluid
Vesicular (Graafian) follicle
163
THe developing ovum is pushed to one side of the follicle and is surrounded by a capsule of several layers of follicle cells called
corona radiata
164
What is a solid glandular structure or a structure containing a scalloped lumen that develops from the ovulated follicle. Produces both estrogens and progesterone
corpus luteum
