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Pathopharmacology I > Wk 1 Pneumonia > Flashcards

Wk 1 Pneumonia Flashcards

(83 cards)

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1
Q

Define pneumonia

A

ANY type of infection of the LOWER respiratory system

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2
Q

There are many etiologies for pneumonia such as…

A

Fungal, protozoa, viral, bacterial, parasitic

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3
Q

What does pneumonia do?

A

Causes inflammation of the lung tissues, the alveolar air spaces become filled with purulent, inflammatory cells, and fibrin

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4
Q

How is pneumonia transmitted?

A

Inhaled infectious droplets

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5
Q

What season is pneumonia most prevalent?

A

Winter

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6
Q

What gender is pneumonia more prevalent?

A

Males

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7
Q

List 9 risk factors for pneumonia

A

1) Age extremes, elderly or children less than 5
2) Immunocompromised
3) Underlying lung disease
4) Alcoholism
5) Altered LOC
6) Dysphasia
7) Long term care facility
8) Hospitalization
9) Influenza

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8
Q

Pneumonia usually starts as some sort of __ __ __

A

upper respiratory infection

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9
Q

Why is alcoholism a risk for pneumonia?

A

Aspiration risk

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10
Q

Why is altered LOC a risk factor for pneumonia?

A

Aspiration risk

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11
Q

Why is hospitalization a risk factor for pneumonia?

A

Tracheal intubation or LOC issue

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12
Q

What are the two classifications for pneumonia?

A

Community acquired pneumonia and hospital acquired pneumonia

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13
Q

Community acquired pneumonia is one of the most common reasons for __

A

hospitalization

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14
Q

Hospital acquired pneumonia develops within __ hours after admission

A

48 hours

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15
Q

Which classification has better outcomes?

A

Community acquired pneumonia

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16
Q

Hospital acquired pneumonia is typically associated with __ care.

A

ICU

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17
Q

Pneumonia associated with endotracheal intubation

A

Ventilator associated pneumonia

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18
Q

What is the most common route for pathogenesis of pneumonia?

A

aspiration of oropharyngeal secretions

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19
Q

Once the pathogen is in the lower airways, what happens in the pathogenesis of pneumonia?

A

Inflammation causing vasodilation, infection spreads to alveoli

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20
Q

When the alveoli are infected, this causes goblet cells to…

A

secrete mucus between the alveoli and capillaries preventing gas exchange

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21
Q

How does the sputum in between the capillaries and alveoli prevent gas exchange?

A

Alveoli attempt to open and reclose against the purulent exudate but many cannot making gas exchange less than optimal

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22
Q

What three things contribute to the pathogenesis of pneumonia?

A

1) failure to cough reflex
2) Mucociliary clearance mechanism
3) Immune system

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23
Q

What causes the exudative fluid to move into the alveoli?

A

Failure of the mucociliary defense mechanism

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24
Q

Why are smokers at much higher risk for pneumonia?

A

Their mucociliary defense mechanism are already ineffective

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25
What are the symptoms of pneumonia?
Fever, chills, productive or dry cough, malaise, pleural pain, sometimes dyspnea and hemoptysis
26
What is pleural pain?
Chest pain with breathing
27
What type of bacteria is usually found in hospital acquired pneumonia?
gram-negative
28
Bacterial pneumonia is typically acquired where?
In the hospital
29
Viral pneumonia is typically acquired where?
In the community
30
What does someone with severe pneumonia look like?
Tachypnea, signs of respiratory distress/failure
31
People who are in respiratory distress still maintain oxygenation by...
increased work of breathing
32
Someone who is in respiratory failure has increased work of breathing yet...
cannot compensate for inadequate oxygenation
33
What are symptoms of respiratory distress?
Tachypnea, nasal flaring, pursed lips, stridor, wheezing, agitation, tachycardia, pale, slow cap refill
34
What are symptoms of respiratory failure?
RR over 60, retractions, grunting, mottling, head bobbing, bradycardia, hypotension
35
What does respiratory arrest look like?
Bradypnea, inefficient respirations, cyanosis, no air movement
36
What do wet breath sounds sound like?
Rhonchi
37
Sections of your lungs that have a bunch of mucus in them
Pulmonary consolidations
38
What do pulmonary consolidations sound liek on percussion?
Dullness
39
What do pulmonary consolidations sound like on auscultation?
Inspiratory crackles
40
What might someone with pulmonary consolidations have if you are feeling their back?
Increased tactile fremitus and egophony
41
What is tactile fremitus?
refers to the vibration of the chest wall that results from sound vibrations created by speech or other vocal sounds
42
What is egophony?
Change from e sounds to a sound when speaking due to fluid accumulation in the lungs
43
What are diagnostic tests for pneumonia?
1) chest x ray 2) CBC with diff 3) sputum for c&S
44
What on a CBC would indicate pneumonia?
Leukocytosis
45
What are you looking for on a chest x ray for pneumonia?
Infiltrates
46
If bacterial pneumonia is gram positive, it is usually __ __
staph aureus
47
What does someone usually get staph aureus bacterial pneumonia?
Enters through the blood stream via IV routes and travels to the lungs
48
What is the most common cause of gram positive hospital acquired pneumonia?
MRSA
49
What is the most common organism associated with gram-positive community acquired pneumonia?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
50
How does someone in the community get streptococcus pneumoniae?
They get strep throat and then it spreads to pneumonia
51
Steptococcus pneumoniae cause of pneumonia is often called __ __
Pneumococcal pneumonia
52
With pneumococcal pneumonia, the sputum is normally what color?
Brown or rusty colored
53
What type of bacteria makes you the sickest?
gram-negative infections
54
What are three examples of gram-negative etiologies for pneumonia?
Pseudomonas auruginosa, Aceinetobacter, Klebsiella pneumoniae
55
Bacterial pneumonia that is acquired in the hospital is often from a __ __ infection/contamination
central line
56
What is aspiration pneumonia?
Material from the GI tract stimulated an inflammatory reaction
57
The severity of the inflammatory response to aspirate in the lungs depends on what?
The pH of the aspirate
58
The more __ the aspirate the greater the inflammatory response
acidic
59
What type of medication decreases the acidity of gastric contents that we give to patients with aspiration pneumonia?
proton pump inhibitor
60
Aspiration pneumonia can be __ or __
silent or abrupt
61
Most common cause of viral pneumonia
Influenza
62
Most common cause of community acquired pneumonia
Influenza
63
What do viruses do that puts the patient as risk for secondary bacterial pneumonia?
Alter the pulmonary immune defense making lungs vulnerable to bacterial infection
64
With viral pneumonia, what is the prognosis in healthy people?
Good, usually improves in 2-3 weeks
65
What is type of atypical pneumonia etiology is most common in HIV-infected persons or transplant patients?
Pneumocystis carini pneumonia
66
What type of organism is Pneumocystis carini pneumonia?
Yeast
67
What is the etiology of "walking pneumonia"?
Mycoplasma
68
Atypical pneumonia caused by mycoplasmas are usually
mild
69
What are the symptoms caused be mycoplasma atypical pneumonia?
Persistent cough, headache, earache
70
Mycoplasma is a bacteria-like organism and contrains...
properties of both bacteria and viruses
71
What type of atypical pneumonia is spread via water systems?
Legionella
72
What type of organism is Legionaella
gram-negative bacteria
73
Legionella pneumonia can be very __
deadly
74
Legionella pneumonia is also called
Legionnaire's disease
75
What do you have to do if a patient is confirmed to have Legionnaire's disease?
Report it to the health department
76
What type of atypical pneumonia is released from walls of old buildings?
Aspergillus pneumonia
77
Aspergillus is what type of organism?
Fungus
78
Aspergillus pneumonia can be very deadly to those who are __
Immunocompromised
79
What are 4 measures to treat pneumonia?
1) ensure ventilation/oxygenation 2) Adequate hydration 3) Good pulmonary hygiene 4) Nebulizer treatments
80
What pneumococcal vaccine is the PVC13?
Prevents pneumococcal pneumonia caused by 13 strains of strep
81
What pneumonia vaccine is the PPSV23?
Prevents against an addition 23 types of pneumonia bacteria
82
You can give PVC13 to __ in a series of 4 doses
Infants
83
Both PVC13 and PPSV23 can be given to the elderly if they are not...
do not have an immunocompromising condition, cerebrospinal fluid leak, or cochlear implant

Pathopharmacology I (33 decks)

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