Wk 2 Antimicrobials - Penicillin Flashcards by Diana Hallis

How do antimicrobials work that inhibit the synthesis of cell walls?

They weaken the cell wall allowing fluid to come into the cell. The cell then swells and bursts causing lysis and death

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

6 examples of antimicrobials with the MOA of inhibition of cell wall synthesis

Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems
Vancomycin
Aztreonam
Televancin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is beta lactam?

An enzyme that fights antibiotics

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are beta lactam antibiotics?

β-lactam antibiotics are antibiotics that contain a beta-lactam ring in their chemical structure.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What classes of antibiotics are beta lactam antibiotics?

Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems
Monobactams

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How did antibiotics come to have the beta lactam ring?

Scientists injected it into the antibiotic to make it more effective against bacteria that contain the ring, so that the antibiotic can breakdown the cell wall

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the two main groups of beta lactam antibiotics?

Penicillins and cephalosporins

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Four beta-lacatmase inhibitors that scientists combined with antibiotics to make them effective against a broader range of microbial species.

Clavulanic acid,
sulbactam,
tazobactam,
avibactam

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Beta-lactam antibiotics are not effective against bacteria that…

Produce beta-lactamase

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What do we do to treat microbes that produce the beta-lacatmase?

Combine a beta lactam antibiotic with another type of antibiotic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What type of combination is ampicillin-sulbactam?

beta-lactamase inhibitor antibiotic combination

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What type of combination is amoxicillin-clavulanic acid

beta-lactamase inhibitor antibiotic combination

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the trade name for amoxicillin-clavulanic acid combination?

Augmentin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Ticarcillin-clavulanic acid is what type of drug combination?

beta-lactamase inhibitor antibiotic combination

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the trade name for ticarcillin-clavulanic acid combo?

Timentin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What type of drug combo is Piperacillin-tazobactam?

beta-lactamase inhibitor antibiotic combination

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the trade name for the drug combo piperacillin-tazobactam?

Zosyn

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What type of drug combo is ceftazidime-avibactam?

beta-lactamase inhibitor antibiotic combination

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the trade name for the drug combo ceftazidime-avibactam?

Avycaz

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Naturally occuring antimicrobial that started as mold

penicillin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

When was penicillin discovered and by who?

1896 by a medical student

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Penicillin was re-discoverd by who and when?

Dr. Fleming in 1928

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

When was penicillin mass produced?

1943

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

By 1947, what happened to penicillin?

Bacteria became resistant

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the MOA of penicillin?

Beta-lacatmase inhibitor antibiotic: | Disrupts the synthesis of the bacteria cell wall

Penicillin disrupts the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall by inhibiting __

transpeptidases

What are transpeptidases?

An enzyme essential for bacterial cell wall synthesis

One requirement for penicillins to work

Bacteria must be growing and dividing

What is autolysis?

In biology, autolysis, more commonly known as self-digestion, refers to the destruction of a cell through the action of its own enzymes

By inhibiting transpeptidases, penicillins cause bacterial __

autolysis

What are three adverse reactions of penicillins?

urticaria, pruritus, angioedema

What is urticaria?

Hives or red, itchy welts that result from a skin reaction

What is pruritus?

itchy skin

What is angioedema?

a reaction similar to hives that affects deeper layers of the skin especially around the eyes, cheeks or lips

What type of rash is common in kids that are allergic to pencillin?

maculopapular rash

What is a maculopapular rash?

rash characterized by a flat, red area on the skin that is covered with small confluent bumps

What drug is common for the maculopapular rash if a child is allergic to penicillins?

ampicillin

What route of administration would you see more adverse effects?

Penicillin works against which main types of bacteria?

Streptococcus, enterococcus, staphylococcus

Does penicillin treat gonorrhea?

Yes

What is peritonitis?

a redness and swelling (inflammation) of the tissue that lines your belly or abdomen (peritoneum)

4 other adverse effects of penicillins

GI distress oral/vaginal candidiasis Generalized rash Anaphlyaxis

Penicillins generally only work on gram-__ bacteria, unless we get into the extended spectrum

positive

What are the four different types of penicillins?

Natural penicillins Penicillinase-Resistant penicillins Aminopenicillins Extended-spectrum penicillins

What are 2 drugs that are natural penicillins?

Penicillin G and Penicillin V

What is the scientific name of penicillin G?

Benzylpenicillin

What is the scientific name of penicillin V?

Phenoxymethylpenicillin

What is a drug that is a penicillinase-resistant pencillin?

Nafcillin

What two drugs are aminopenicillins?

amoxicillin and ampicillin

What drug is an extended-spectrum penicillin?

piperacillin

What are 3 common drug interactions with penicillins?

NSAIDs, oral contraceptives, and warfarin

What is the weakest type of penicillin?

Natural penicillins

What is the strongest type of penicillin?

Extended-spectrum penicillins

Penicillin G and V are typically given in which routes?

IV or IM, but there are PO forms available

What types of bacteria does penicillin g and v work on?

gram positive and gram negative cocci, anaerobic bacteria, spirochetes

What are spirochetes?

a flexible spirally twisted bacterium, especially one that causes syphilis

How long is the half life of penicillin G and V?

about 30 minutes

What is the exception to the 30 minute half-life of penicillin g and v?

kidney dysfunction, then it will last longer

Which are the least toxic of all the penicillins?

Natural penicillins (g and v)

If someone has a penicillin allergy, they are allergic to...

ALL the different types of penicillin

Sometimes penicillin g or v is used in combination with ___

aminoglycosides

Why is penicillin g and v sometimes used in combination with aminoglycosides?

Helps penicillin get into the cell and disrupt the bacterial cell wall synthesis even further

What type of penicillin is nafcillin?

penicillinase-resistant penicillin

What is the drug of choice for penicillinase-resistant penicillins?

nafcillin

Why is methicillin no longer the drug of choice for penicillinase-resistant penicillins?

MRSA, it's no longer used in practice

What routes is nafcillin given?

IV only

What are oral formulations of nafcillin?

cloxacillin and oxacillin - not used as much

Ampicillin and amoxicillin are what type of penicillins?

aminopenicillins

What is augmentin?

amoxicillin-clavulanic acid combination

The chemical structure of ampicillin makes it more effective against which type of bacteria?

gram-negative

What routes is ampicillin given?

PO or IV

Why is amoxicillin a better option than ampicillin if given orally?

It is more bioavailable

What is bioavailability?

the proportion of a drug or other substance which enters the circulation when introduced into the body and so is able to have an active effect

What was the first broad spectrum penicillin?

ampicillin

What are two common adverse effects with ampicillin?

diarrhea and rash

Ampicillin is kidney-__

sensitive

What does kidney-sensitive mean when referring to antibiotics?

Okay to give to someone with renal disease

What type of drug combination is ampicillin/sulbactam?

beta-lactamase inhibitor antibiotic combination

What is the trade name of ampicillin/sulbacatam?

Unasyn

Amoxicillin has __ side effects compared to ampicillin

less

Amoxicillin is very commonly prescribed in __ patients

pediatric

Amoxicillin doses are sometimes higher because of what?

Streptococcus resistance

What routes is amoxicillin given?

Only PO

What is amoxicillin commonly used to treat?

ENT, GU, and skin infections

What type of penicillin is piperacillin?

extended-spectrum penicillin

Piperacillin is always given with what?

Beta lactamase inhibitor

Ticarcillin is always given with what?

Beta lactamase inhibitor

What is piperacillin-tazobactam trade name?

Zosyn

What type of drug combination is piperacillin-tazobactam?

beta-lactamase inhibitor antibiotic combination

Piperacillin is really good for what type of infections?

Pseudomonal

Pseudomonal infections are typically __-acquired.

hospital

Piperacillin can affect __ function.

Platelet

Piperacillin is not good for what type of patients?

Renal dysfunction

Ticarcillin is what type of drug?

extended spectrum penicillin

What are two unique side effects of ticarcillin?

sodium overload and interferes with platelet function

Wk 2 Antimicrobials - Penicillin Flashcards

(95 cards)