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Pathopharmacology I > Wk 3 Nephrolithiasis > Flashcards

Wk 3 Nephrolithiasis Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

What is the medical term for kidney stones?

A

nephrolithiasis

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2
Q

Lithos =

A

stone

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3
Q

Calculi =

A

something accidental that doesn’t belong in the body

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4
Q

What 4 parts of the urinary system can become obstructed?

A

Urethra
Bladder
Ureters
Kidneys

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5
Q

Where in the kidneys does an obstruction typically occur?

A

Renal pelvis where urine gets collected and drained to the ureters

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6
Q

The complete an occlusion the more…

A

destruction can occur

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7
Q

The closer the occlusion is to the kidneys…

A

the more damage can be done to the kidneys

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8
Q

What an a reason a man might have back flow into the bladder?

A

An occlusion caused by an enlarged prostate

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9
Q

The longer the blockage has been there the…

A

more damage and inflammation

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10
Q

What would an occlusion in the renal pelvis be caused by?

A

Renal calculi

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11
Q

What 3 reasons would cause an occlusion in the ureter?

A

Renal calculi
Pregnancy
Tumors

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12
Q

What are renal calculi?

A

Kidney stones

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13
Q

What causes the severe pain associated with kidney stones?

A

When the stones move, especially in the ureter

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14
Q

Why is pregnancy a possible reason for an occlusion of the ureter?

A

A large fetus in a certain position can obstruct the ureter

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15
Q

5 reasons for an obstruction of the bladder and urethra

A 
Bladder cancer
Neurogenic bladder
Prostatic hyperplasia
Prostate cancer
Urethral strictures
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16
Q

What are urethral strictures?

A

Scarring that narrows the urethra

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17
Q

What is neurogenic bladder?

A

A condition in which problems with the nervous system affect the bladder and urination

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18
Q

What can cause neurogenic bladder?

A

Conditions like stoke, Parkinson’s disease, spinal injuries

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19
Q

What might cause urethral strictures?

A

Repeated catheterizations, for example someone with neurogenic bladder who has to repeat cath themselves

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20
Q

What is a potential complication of an occlusion?

A

Stasis of urine flow

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21
Q

What is the problem with urine stasis?

A

Puts the patient at risk for infection

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22
Q

What are three complications of back-up pressure?

A

Hydroureter
Hydronephrosis
Postrenal acute kidney injury

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23
Q

What is hydroureter?

A

Dilation of the ureter due to obstruction of urine outflow

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24
Q

What is hydronephrosis?

A

Swelling of one or both kidneys

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25
What is post acute kidney injury?
When an obstruction in the urinary tract below the kidneys causes waste to build up in the kidneys
26
If there is an obstruction in the renal pelvis, will there be as much pain as the ureter?
No because there is more room for a stone
27
Manifestations of an acute obstruction depends on which three factors?
Site Cause (ex: kidney sontes, prostate problems) Speed of onset
28
Which factor primarily determines the severity of pain?
Site, is the site large enough for the blockage?
29
What is the definition of nephrolithiasis?
Crystals form in the urinary tract and form a stone-like object
30
Where do these crystals form?
In the renal pelvis
31
Who is at higher risk for kidney stones, men or women?
Men
32
What age range is typical for kidney stones?
20s-30s
33
What race is more prone to kidney stones?
White
34
What effect does weather have on the risk of developing kidney stones?
Hot weather can cause dehydration, urine is more concentrated and stays longer in the body and initiates form of crystals
35
What are two other risk factors for kidney stones?
Family history | Obesity
36
The etiology of nephrolithiasis (the stones themselves) depend on what three factors?
Individual risk factors Characteristics of the urine (diet, medications) Type of stone being formed
37
What are the three types of kidney stones?
Calcium oxalate Struvite "Staghorn" Uric acid
38
75% of stones formed in the urinary tract are what type?
Calcium oxalate
39
What are four reasons a patient might develop calcium oxalate kidney stones?
Family history Idiopathic Hypercalcemia Hyperoxaluria
40
What is hyperoxaluria?
Too much oxalate in your urine
41
What is oxalate?
A waste product produced by the body and excreted in the urine
42
What is hypercalcemia?
High calcium in the blood
43
Why is a struvite kidney stone called a "Staghorn"?
It takes on the shape of the renal pelvis, resembles horns
44
What is a risk factor for developing a struvite kidney stone?
UTIs
45
How does a UTI cause a struvite kidney stone?
Bacteria breaking down products in the urine
46
What is a risk factor for a uric acid kidney stone?
Gout
47
How do the crystals form in urine?
When urine becomes super saturated with solutes, crystals begin forming in the nephron
48
What two factors enhance crystal formation?
Dehydration | Immobility/sedentary lifestyle
49
How does a struvite kidney stone exit the body?
They are often too large to pass and must be surgically removed
50
What is acute renal colic?
A wave-like flank pain that comes and goes as the ureter is trying to pass the kidney stone
51
Where is the location of acute renal colic?
It starts along the flank and move down towards the groin
52
What are 4 descriptor words of acute renal colic?
Radiation Spasms Intermittent Sharp
53
What are the 5 accompanying symptoms of acute renal colic?
``` Nausea Vomiting Diaphoresis Tachycardia Tachypnea ```
54
Patients experiencing acute renal colic may avoid...
taking deep breaths because it intensifies the pain
55
What drugs are given for the acute pain of kidney stones?
Morphine or NSAIDs | IV fluids
56
Why do we give kidney stone patients IV fluids?
Dilute the urine, especially if they have poor PO intake due to nausea and vomiting
57
What is a preventative medication for a patient who experienced recurrent calcium oxalate stones?
Thiazide diuretics
58
What is a preventative medication for a patient who experiences recurrent struvite kidney stones?
Antibiotics
59
What is a preventative medication for a patient who experiences recurrent urate kidney stones?
Allopurinol
60
Why is allopurinol given to patients with uric acid kidney stones?
It's given to treat gout, but also decreases the amount of uric acid in the body
61
Why are antibiotics given to a patient who gets struvite kidney stones?
The bacteria is what is causing these stones to form, antibiotics will rid of the bacteria

Pathopharmacology I (33 decks)

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