Wk 6 Cardiology Pathology Pt 1

Question 1

Coronary arteries branch from the __

Answer 1

aorta

Question 2

What do the coronary arteries do?

Answer 2

Give cardiac cells oxygenated blood so that the heart can continue pumping

Question 3

What causes coronary arteries to become clogged?

Answer 3

Atherosclerosis

Question 4

What coronary artery is the most problematic for people with CAD?

Answer 4

Left anterior descending artery

Question 5

What is the left anterior descending artery often referred to as?

Answer 5

The widow maker

Question 6

What is the widow maker?

Answer 6

The left anterior descending artery

Question 7

What part of the heart does the left anterior descending artery feed?

Answer 7

Left ventricle

Question 8

What is the left ventricle often referred to as?

Answer 8

Powerhouse of the heart

Question 9

What is the main function of the left ventricle?

Answer 9

Feeds the body, determines perfusion to body

Question 10

What happens when the left anterior descending coronary artery becomes clogged?

Answer 10

A lot of people end up dying (widow maker)

Question 11

Where is the left anterior descending coronary artery?

Answer 11

Question 12

What are the 3 main problems you can have with the heart?

Answer 12

Electrical (conduction)

Plumbing (Artery blockage, spasm, of valve issues)

Pump (heart muscle)

Question 13

What is stable angina?

Answer 13

Atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries that causes heart muscle cells to die

Question 14

Not everyone who has CAD has had a __ __

Answer 14

heart attack, but it does put you at very high risk for MI

Question 15

5 non-modifiable risk factors for CAD

Answer 15

Age

Family History

Gender

Ethnicity

Genetics

Question 16

Who is more likely to get CAD earlier in life?

Answer 16

Men

Question 17

When do women have the same risk of getting CAD as men?

Answer 17

After menopause

Question 18

What hormone is thought to have a protective effect against CAD and atherosclerosis?

Answer 18

Estrogen

Question 19

What races are more likely to have atherosclerosis/CAD? (3)

Answer 19

African Americans

Hispanics

Native Americans

Question 20

What ethnicity is more likely to die from CAD compared to other ethnicities?

Answer 20

Black/African Americans

Question 21

What are 7 modifiable risk factors for CAD?

Answer 21

HTN

Smoking

DM

Obesity

Diet

Hyperlipidemia

Depression/Stress

Question 22

__ has a direct effect on endothelial cell walls in the coronary arteries

Answer 22

Smoking

Question 23

Nicotine stimulates __ which increases hyperlipidemia and hypertension

Answer 23

catecholamines

Question 24

How does diabetes contribute to CAD?

Answer 24

Insulin resistance damages the endothelium artery linings, increases inflammation

Question 25

What type of obesity in particular increases the risk of CAD?

Answer 25

Android obesity

Question 26

What diet is protective against CAD?

Answer 26

DASH

Question 27

What is the most important modifiable risk factor for CAD?

Answer 27

Hyperlipidemia

Question 28

What heart issue is a "plumbing" issue?

Answer 28

Ischemic heart problems

Question 29

What is the etiology of ischemic heart problems?

Answer 29

Atherosclerosis develops in the arteries that supply the myocardium, they become blocked which causes decreased tissue perfusion

Question 30

What is the end result of ischemic heart problems?

Answer 30

Endothelial dysfunction, the heart must work harder to pump

Question 31

\_\_ __ is a major contributor to CAD and MIs

Answer 31

Endothelial dysfunction

Question 32

In coronary endothelial dysfunction, the vessels aren't necessarily blocked but are...

Answer 32

Narrowed when they are supposed to dilate

Question 33

Coronary artery disease is thought to be result inappropriate hormones in the body such as.. (4)

Answer 33

DM HTN HPL Smoking

Question 34

A combination of what two things leads to decreased blood flow to the heart from the coronary arteries?

Answer 34

Endothelial dysfunction (don't dilate) Plaque accumulation

Question 35

What is the main symptom of CAD?

Answer 35

Angina

Question 36

CAD symptoms may be

Answer 36

not apparent

Question 37

What causes an MI?

Answer 37

A complete occlusion of the coronary arteries

Question 38

What are the symptoms of CAD? (9)

Answer 38

Angina Heartburn Irregular HR Weakness Dizziness Anxiety Nausea Cold sweat Burning sensation

Question 39

Where might a patient with CAD experience a burning sensation?

Answer 39

Chest, shoulder, or abdominal region

Question 40

What is stable angina?

Answer 40

Coronary blood flow is diminished but not completely blocked

Question 41

When does stable angina occur?

Answer 41

When there is an imbalance in oxygen supply and demand of the myocardium

Question 42

What provokes/relieves stable angina?

Answer 42

It's brought on by exertion and relieved by rest

Question 43

When does unstable angina occur?

Answer 43

At rest

Question 44

What can often be a precursor to experiencing angina?

Answer 44

Eating a large meal

Question 45

Angina is often mistaken for what?

Answer 45

Heartburn

Question 46

What type of angina is severe and of new onset?

Answer 46

Unstable angina

Question 47

What type of angina occurs in a cresendo - decrescendo pattern?

Answer 47

Stable angina

Question 48

What type of angina occurs in a decrescendo pattern?

Answer 48

Unstable angina

Question 49

How long does unstable angina last?

Answer 49

Greater than 10 minutes

Question 50

How long does stable angina last?

Answer 50

2-5 minutes

Question 51

What is important to do when determining the cause of angina?

Answer 51

Exclude the heart being the cause before looking at other causes

Question 52

What is the difference between cardiac and non-cardiac chest pain?

Answer 52

Cardiac = pressure or tightness Non-cardiac= sharp or stabbing

Question 53

Which chest pain is poorly localized?

Answer 53

Cardiac

Question 54

Which chest pain IS localized?

Answer 54

Non-cardiac

Question 55

What is cardiac chest pain associated with?

Answer 55

Physical exertion or other stress

Question 56

What is angina most often caused by?

Answer 56

atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries

Question 57

Prolonged angina may present what acute syndrome?

Answer 57

Myocardial infarction

Question 58

What 3 anatomical places are associated with angina?

Answer 58

Left arm Jaw Shoulder

Question 59

What 2 signs might you see on a patient with angina?

Answer 59

Diaphoresis Pallor

Question 60

Women may experience what instead of chest pressure or pain?

Answer 60

Hot or burning sensation Tenderness

Question 61

A woman experiencing a MI may not have...

Answer 61

Pain in the chest

Question 62

What are the 6 nonspecific symptoms a woman may experience during a MI/coronary atherosclerosis

Answer 62

Indigestion Heartburn Nausea Fatigue/Weakness Light-headedness Dyspnea

Question 63

What are the possible areas a patient will experience pain during a myoardial infarction? (5)

Answer 63

Radiating pain of.. Neck Jaw Upper abdomen Shoulders Arm

Question 64

Myocardial infarction pain is NOT brought on by...

Answer 64

exertion

Question 65

Myocardial infarction pain is usually accompanied by what symptoms? (3)

Answer 65

N/V SOA Diaphoresis

Question 66

If someone is experiencing a myocardial infarction, the pain will NOT be...

Answer 66

Relieved in 2-5 minutes or by resting

Question 67

Why do we recommend a patient sit down if they are experiencing stable angina?

Answer 67

Because we want to decrease oxygen demand on the heart

Question 68

What medication do we give for stable angina?

Answer 68

Nitrates

Question 69

What 3 things do we do for stable angina?

Answer 69

Stop smoking Treat HTN Treat hyperlipidemia