Wk 2 Into to Antimicrobials

Question 1

Medications that slow or inhibit the growth of bacteria, or kill bacteria

Answer 1

Antimicrobials

Question 2

What type of antimicrobials are naturally occurring in nature?

Answer 2

Antibiotics

Question 3

Medications that SLOW or INHIBIT bacterial growth

Answer 3

Bacteriostatic

Question 4

Medications that KILL bacteria

Answer 4

Bacteriocidal

Question 5

Term for antimicrobials that are effective against numerous organisms

Answer 5

Broad spectrum

Question 6

When are broad spectrum antibiotics used?

Answer 6

When they don’t know what the specific organism is

Question 7

Antimicrobials that effective against only a few species of organisms

Answer 7

Narrow spectrum

Question 8

What is a selective toxicity antimicrobial medication?

Answer 8

Toxic to a specific cell while sparing other normal cells in close proximity

Question 9

Resistance is __ or __

Answer 9

Innate or acquired

Question 10

A treatment that occurs because or during treatment of a primary infection

Answer 10

Super infections

Question 11

When are prophylactic antibiotics used?

Answer 11

Procedures that have a higher risk of infection

Question 12

What are some examples of types of surgeries that may have a higher risk for infection?

Answer 12

Orthopedic, cardiac, abdominal

Question 13

Prophylactic antibiotics are used in dental procedures for patients at higher risk for __

Answer 13

Endocarditis

Question 14

What is endocarditis?

Answer 14

Infection of the heart’s inner lining, usually including valves

Question 15

What other type of patients get prophylactic antibiotics?

Answer 15

Immunocompromised patients

Question 16

What is specifically important to give prophylactic antibiotics to when concerning immunocompromised patients?

Answer 16

Those with neutropenia

Question 17

What is neutropenia?

Answer 17

Low neutrophil count

Question 18

What are two examples of patients who are immunocompromised?

Answer 18

HIV or those on chemotherapy

Question 19

When deciding which type of antibiotics to use, what is important concerning hospital-acquired versus community acquire infections?

Answer 19

What the organism is and the different susceptibility patterns

Question 20

Hospital-acquired infections are usually __

Answer 20

bacterial

Question 21

When choosing an antibiotic for treatment, what is important concerning the site of infection?

Answer 21

Can the antimicrobial penetrate the site of infection? For example, if the infection is located in the bones

Question 22

What is important to consider about the site of infection when choosing an antimicrobial?

Answer 22

Does the antimicrobial work best in a specific location? Like the lungs?

Question 23

What is important to do prior to starting antimicrobials?

Answer 23

Getting cultures and susceptibility

Question 24

What is the exception to getting cultures prior to starting antimicrobials?

Answer 24

Patient is critically ill
Meningitis
Severe sepsis

Question 25

What will we prescribe a patient who has meningitis?

Answer 25

A antimicrobial that we know will cross the blood brain barrier

Question 26

Giving antimicrobials before getting a culture might result in...

Answer 26

Inability to see the organism on the culture, it may not grow

Question 27

With blood, how many cultures do you typically want to get?

Answer 27

2

Question 28

One set of blood sample should always be __

Answer 28

peripheral

Question 29

What are the two bottle types when collecting blood?

Answer 29

Aerobic and anaerobic

Question 30

Why should one stick always be peripheral?

Answer 30

There is a lot of bacteria on the surface of central lines that can contaminate the sample

Question 31

What is a diffusion test?

Answer 31

A drug sensitivity test where they put an antimicrobial disk on a smear and see if the bacterial grows up close to the disk

Question 32

What does minimum inhibitory concentration mean?

Answer 32

What is the lowest amount of antimicrobial that inhibits growth

Question 33

How do they test for the minimum inhibitory concerntration?

Answer 33

Put different amounts of the antimicrobials in tubes that have the organism

Question 34

You always want to give the __ amount of antimicrobials

Answer 34

least/lowest

Question 35

What are true allergies?

Answer 35

Anaphylaxis, rash, welts

Question 36

What is considered an adverse effect?

Answer 36

Nausea and vomiting

Question 37

What are cross reactivity reactions?

Answer 37

If you are allergic to pencillins you might also be allergic to cephalosporins

Question 38

Cross sensitivity reactions are more common in patients who have __

Answer 38

anaphylaxis

Question 39

What type of allergies are really common?

Answer 39

Sulfa allergies

Question 40

What are examples of sulfa antimicrobials?

Answer 40

bactrim

Question 41

What is Bactrim?

Answer 41

Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole

Question 42

You can develop allergies at...

Answer 42

any age

Question 43

Age extremes will need __ __ because their bodies do not respond as well

Answer 43

lower concentrations

Question 44

What will impact the patient's response to antimicrobials so that they may not be able to tolerate it?

Answer 44

Renal or liver failure

Question 45

How does the site infection relate to the length of time you need to be on antimicrobials?

Answer 45

A site that is an abscess that is walled off will take longer for the antibiotics to reach than a site like a UTI

Question 46

It's better to give an antimicrobial __ rather than __

Answer 46

early rather than later

Question 47

Some medications need to be at a certain level to be effective, this is called __ and __ levels

Answer 47

peak and trough levels

Question 48

What is an example of a medication that needs to be at a specific level to be effective?

Answer 48

Vancomycin

Question 49

Nosocomial infections are more __

Answer 49

Virulent

Question 50

What is CRE?

Answer 50

Carbapenem resistant enterobactericeae

Question 51

What does MDRO mean?

Answer 51

Multiple drug resistant organism

Question 52

Most common seen drug resistant organisms in the hospital?

Answer 52

MRSA and CRE

Question 53

What 3 things disrupt the patient's normal skin barrier and put them at risk for infection?

Answer 53

IV catheters, urinary catheters, nasogastric tubes

Question 54

Atelectasis is an example of a common what type of hospital infection?

Answer 54

Post-op

Question 55

Atelectasis increases the risk of __

Answer 55

pneumonia

Question 56

Wound/surgical __ is a portal of entry for infection

Answer 56

dehiscence

Question 57

If you are post-op in the hospital you are at high risk for what type of infection?

Answer 57

UTI

Question 58

What is an acquired antibiotic resistance?

Answer 58

Sharing of genetic material between organisms

Question 59

Exposing microbe to antimicrobial agents, and then not taking it long enough can cause...?

Answer 59

microbial mutations and lead to resistance

Question 60

Antibiotics almost never help an __ __ __

Answer 60

acute respiratory infection

Question 61

C. diff spores can survive for how long on surfaces?

Answer 61

5 or more months, sometimes even years

Question 62

What is VRE?

Answer 62

Vancomycin resistant enterococcus

Question 63

What is a huge source of contamination?

Answer 63

Clothing, especially a physician's white coat