Wk 1 URI Flashcards
(114 cards)
1
Q
What are the upper respiratory conducting passages?
A
Nasal cavity, larynx, pharynx
2
Q
What are the low respiratory conducting passages?
A
Trachea, primary bronchi, lungs
3
Q
Allergic rhinitis is also known as
A
Seasonal allergies or hay fever
4
Q
Allergic rhinitis is an __ disorder
A
Inflammatory
5
Q
What structures can allergic rhinitis affect?
A
Upper airways, nasal passages, AND lower airways
6
Q
The same allergens that can trigger allergic rhinitis can also trigger __.
A
asthma
7
Q
What are the signs and symptoms of allergic rhinitis?
A
sneezing, rhinorrhea, pruritus, nasal congestion, and watery, itchy eyes
8
Q
What is rhinorrhea?
A
thin, mostly clear nasal drainage
9
Q
What is pruritus?
A
itching
10
Q
Allergic rhinitis is triggered by allergens that bind to what type of antibodies?
A
IgE
11
Q
What type of cells are the antibodies located that trigger allergic rhinitis?
A
mast cells
12
Q
Give examples of environmental triggers for allergic rhinitis
A
dust mites, mold
13
Q
In allergic rhinitis, when the antigen binds with the antibody on the mast cell, what happens next?
A
inflammatory mediators are released
14
Q
What is the inflammatory mediator that is responsible for the signs and symptoms of allergic rhinitis?
A
histamine
15
Q
Causes the majority of symptoms associated with allergic reactions
A
histamine
16
Q
What can cause allergic reactions?
A
Drugs, food, interactions with the environment
17
Q
What is the medical name for hives?
A
urticaria
18
Q
Where is histamine stored?
A
mast cells and basophils
19
Q
Where are mast cells located?
A
skin and soft tissue
20
Q
Where are basophils located?
A
blood
21
Q
Release of activated histamines can cause dilation of blood vessels resulting in __ and __.
A
erythema and hypotension
22
Q
Release of activated histamines can cause bronchoconstriction which leads to __.
A
dyspnea
23
Q
Why are patients with indigestion given antihistamines?
A
Histamine increases the secretion of acid in the stomach
24
Q
What are signs specific to a bacterial URI?
A
White spots on tonsils, swollen tonsils, red throat, swollen uvula, gray furry tongue
25
What are signs specific to a viral URI?
Red swollen throat and tonsils
26
8 examples of upper respiratory infections
1) Viral
2) Self-limiting disorders
3) Rhinitis
4) Sinusitis
5) Laryngitis
6) Laryngotracheobronchitis (Croup)
7) Acute bronchitis
8) Influenza
27
What is the common cold called?
Rhinitis
28
How is rhinitis spread?
Respiratory droplets
29
What are the symptoms of rhinitis?
Low grade fever, headache, fatigue, nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, cough
30
Sinusitis is often __.
bacterial
31
Sinusitis if usually a __ infection.
secondary
32
Sinusitis can happen if there is some sort of blockage in the...
drainage of the sinuses (bacteria can harbor)
33
What can increase the risk of sinusitis?
Anything that is put up the nose, like NG tubes
34
Why would an NG tube put a patient at higher risk for sinusitis?
Because the tube can block the drainage of the sinuses
35
What virus is typically the cause for the common cold?
Rhinovirus
36
How long can the rhinovirus live outside the body?
3 hours
37
Where can rhinovirus live outside the body?
On the skin and on objects (door knobs)
38
How does rhinovirus spread?
Droplet and through touch of contaminated objects
39
What are the symptoms of sinusitis?
Pain around the eyes and jaw
Cloudy green/yellow discharge
Congestion
Throat irritation
40
Why is sinusitis hard to treat with antibiotics?
Hard for drugs to get into the sinuses
41
How long does it take to treat a sinus infection?
7 or more days
42
What is the best way to treat sinusitis?
Decongestions, increased fluid intake to keep secretions thin
43
Inflammation and infection of the pharynx
pharyngitis
44
What parts are included in the pharynx?
palate, tonsils, uvula
45
Pharyngitis can be __ or __ or __
viral or bacterial or fungal
46
How to test for pharyngitis
cultures and rapid strep test
47
Fungal pharyngitis is not usually seen unless that patient is __
immunocompromised, such as medications, disease processes
48
Inflammation of the vocal cords
Laryngitis
49
Who develops croup?
Children
50
What does croup involve?
Larynx, trachea, bronchioles
51
Medical name for croup
laryngotracheobronchitis
52
What is distinct about croup?
Children will have a "bark like" cough
53
If you listen to the lungs of a child with croup, what sound might you hear?
Stridor and expiratory wheezing
54
Inflammation of the bronchial tree
acute bronchitis
55
What is most notable about acute bronchitis?
Cough and increased sputum production
56
What color is the sputum for acute bronchitis?
Clear to yellow
57
Acute bronchitis is often __.
viral
58
What are the main types of influenza?
A, B, C
59
What are the notable symptoms of influenza?
Rapid onset of fever, chills, and body aches
60
What is the biggest problem with influenza?
The secondary infection of pneumonia
61
What helps get mucus out of the bronchioles?
Cilia
62
What is the tissue that sits on top of the vocal cords?
Epiglottis
63
What is the clinical diagnosis for epiglottitis?
Inspiratory stridor and retractions
64
What are respiratory retractions?
when the area between the ribs and in the neck sinks in when a person attempts to inhale
65
How is croup differentiated from epiglottitis?
Croup has the distinct barking cough and epiglottitis has the distinct drooling
66
Why does someone with epiglottitis drool?
They are unable to swallow the secretions in their mouth
67
What are other symptoms of epiglottitis?
Rapid onset of fever, pain, and difficulty swallowing
68
What is the steeple sign?
The steeple sign, also called the wine bottle sign, refers to the tapering of the upper trachea on a frontal chest radiograph reminiscent of a church steeple.
69
If someone has a steeple sign, what does that indicate?
Epiglottitis
70
What is the MOA of antihistamines?
Block histamine release from receptors
71
What are the indications for antihistamines?
Allergies, cold and flu symptoms, edema, itch, inflammation, rash, runny nose, etc.
72
What are first generation antihistamines used to treat?
Induce sleep, prevent motion sickness, reduce anxiety
73
What are the side effects of first generation antihistamines?
Sedation, dry mouth, dizziness, low BP
74
Why are second generation antihistamines much less sedating?
They don't affect the receptors in the CNS
75
What generation is diphenhydramine?
First generation antihistamine
76
What is the brand name of diphenhydramine?
Benadryl
77
What ways can diphenhydramine be given?
IM, IV, or PO
78
What should you teach patients about taking Benadryl?
Avoid alcohol and use caution when driving
79
Why should a patient taking diphenhydramine avoid alcohol?
Compounds sedative effects
80
What are the 3 second generation antihistamines?
Cetirizine (Zytrec)
Loratadine (Claritin)
Fexofenadine (Allegra)
81
What type of drug is cetirizine?
a second generation antihistamine
82
What type of drug is loratadine?
a second generation antihistamine
83
What type of drug is fexofenadine?
a second generation antihistamine
84
What is the brand name for cetirizine?
Zytrec
85
What is the brand name for loratadine?
Claritin
86
What is the brand name for fexofenadine?
Allegra
87
What route is cetirizine, loratadine, and fexofenadine?
PO
88
What should you use for an acute exacerbation of allergies?
diphenhydramine to get symptoms under control and then second generation antihistamines to maintain control
89
What are sympathomimetics?
Decongestants
90
What are the indications for sympathomimetics?
reduce nasal congestion, allergic rhinitis, sinusitis, and the common cold
91
What is the MOA for sympathomimetics?
Mimics the action of the SNS, activates alpha1-adrenergic receptors
92
What do sympathomimetics do to our physiology?
Causes vasoconstriction, causing turbinates to shrink and open nasal passages
93
What are the side effects of sympathomimetics?
Agitation, insomnia, anxiety, tachycardia, heart palpitations (all related to CNS stimulation)
94
When should patients stop taking sympathomimetics?
After 4 days
95
What happens if a patients stops taking sympathomimetics after prolonged use?
Rebound nasal congestion
96
Why is pseudoephedrine kept behind the counter at pharmacies?
It is the primary ingredient in meth, and has high potential for abuse
97
What type of drug is pseudoephedrine?
sympathomimetic
98
What type of drug is phenylephrine?
sympathomimetic
99
What are cough suppressants?
Antitussives
100
What is the MOA for antitussives
Directly inhibits the cough reflex in the brain
101
What is the route for antitussives?
PO - syrups, sprays, lozenges
102
What two opioids are cough suppressants?
Codeine and hydrocodone
103
What type of drug is coedine?
Antitussive/opioid
104
What type of drug is dextromethorphan?
Antitussive
105
What type of drug is benzonatate?
Antitussive
106
What type of drugs should you not take with Benadryl and why?
Antitussives because they are both CNS depressants
107
What antitussive drugs are subject to abuse?
dextromethorphan and codeine
108
What happens if you abuse dextromethorphan?
Taken in high doses it have PCP like effects (hallucinations, psychosis)
109
What drug is an expectorant?
guaifenesin (mucinex)
110
What are the indications for expectorants?
decrease mucus in colds, bronchitis, etc.
111
What is the MOA for expectorants?
reduction in surface tension of secretion helping thin the mucus making it easier to expectorate
112
What are the side effects for guaifenesin?
Very few, some people experience mild GI distress
113
What teaching point for guaifenesin?
Encourage fluids to help thin those secretions
114
What should you be cautious of with guaifenesin?
Don't use in patients with asthma or chronic cough because the medication is not meant for prolonged use
