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Pathopharmacology I > Wk 6 Cardiology Pathology Pt 2 HF > Flashcards

Wk 6 Cardiology Pathology Pt 2 HF Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

What is cardiomyopathy?

A

Disease that affects the heart MUSCLE

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2
Q

Cardiomyopathy is usually __

A

idiopathic

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3
Q

What are possible causes of cardiomyopathy? (7)

A 
Ischemia
Hypertension
Inherited disorders
Infections
Toxins
Myocarditis
Auto-immune system
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4
Q

What is dilated cardiomyopathy usually related to?

A 
Ischemia 
Valve disease
Alcohol and drugs
Post or peri partum
Infection
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5
Q

Dilated cardiomyopathy usually effects the __ ventricle

A

left

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6
Q

With dilated cardiomyopathy, there is usually a __ __

A

genetic link

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7
Q

What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

The ventricle is LARGER

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8
Q

What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy usually related to?

A

Hypertension

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9
Q

Patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are at high risk for… (2)

A

Cardiac arrhythmia

Sudden cardiac death

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10
Q

What does hypertrophic cardiomyopathy lead to?

A

Decreased ejection fraction of the affected ventricle

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11
Q

What is restrictive cardiomyopathy?

A

Ventricles become resistant to filling, muscle stops working, hardens

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12
Q

What does restrictive cardiomyopathy generally present as?

A

Right sided heart failure

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13
Q

What is restrictive cardiomyopathy most commonly related to?

A

Amyloid disease

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14
Q

What is amyloid disease?

A

when an abnormal protein, called amyloid, builds up in your organs and interferes with their normal function

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15
Q

What is heart failure defined as?

A

Heart cannot pump enough oxygenated blood to meet the body’s needs

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16
Q

What is the most common cause of hospitalization?

A

When the heart can’t pump enough to meet the body’s demands, they get SOA or fluid accumulation

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17
Q

What 3 factors contribute to stroke volume?

A

Preload
Afterload
Myocardial contractility

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18
Q

When does cardiac output stop increasing in relation to heart rate?

A

Around 120 beats per minute

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19
Q

What is preload?

A

Amount of fluid in the left ventricle before it contracts

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20
Q

What is afterload?

A

Pressure the heart has to squeeze against when it contracts

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21
Q

Preload =

A

Fluid volume

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22
Q

High blood pressure =

A

High afterload

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23
Q

What is myocardial contractility?

A

Is the pump working effectively? The innate ability of the heart muscle to contract

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24
Q

Heart failure = __ cardiac output

A

decreased

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25
Heart failure = __ myocardial contractility
decreased
26
Heart failure = __ preload
increased
27
Heart failure = __ afterload
increased
28
Patients with heart failure have impaired __ __
ventricular filling
29
When does ventricular filling occur?
During diastole (in between the contractions)
30
When does the heart contract?
Systole
31
What 4 pathological changed of heart failure
FVE Impaired ventricular filling Weakened ventricular muscle Decreased ventricular contractile function
32
What is the main cause of heart failure?
Repeated ischemic episodes
33
What else can cause heart failure?
MI with or without papillary muscle rupture
34
COPD is associated with...
Right ventricular failure (right sided heart failure)
35
A dysrhythmia will...
decreased cardiac output, decreases perfusion to coronary arteries that leads to ischemia in the heart which causes heart failure
36
What are 4 other causes of heart failure
Valve disorders mitral insufficiency aortic stenosis pulmonary embolus
37
What type of heart failure is a pulmonary embolus associated with?
Right sided
38
What are the greatest risk factors for heart failure?
Largest is hypertension, but also DM 1 and 2
39
Why is diabetes a major risk factor for heart failure?
Endothelial dysfunction and inflammatory processes that are thought to be associated with diabetes
40
Within 6 months of having a MI, what percentage of men and women will develop heart failure?
22% of men | 46% of women
41
What female hormone is cardioprotective?
Estrogen
42
Heart failure is more common in...
African Americans compared to caucasians
43
Heart failure is the most common reason for hospitalization in people who are...
Over the age of 65
44
List 8 risk factors for heart failure
``` Age Ethnicity Genetics Diabetes Ischemic heart disease Obesity Hypertension Lifestyle: Smoking and sedentary, alcohol abuse ```
45
Why is severe anemia a risk factor for heart failure?
Coronary arteries are not getting perfused
46
Why are viruses a risk factor for heart failure?
Certain viral infections can cause myocarditis which weakens the heart muscle
47
What type of recreational drug is most commonly associated with heart failure?
Cocaine/crack
48
What kidney conditions are risk factors for heart failure? (4)
Excess blood volume Edema Hypertension Accumulation of nitrogenous wastes
49
When someone has LEFT sided heart failure, the blood will back up into...
the pulmonary circulation
50
With RIGHT sided heart failure, blood backs up into...
the systemic circulation
51
What type of symptoms will someone with left sided heart failure have?
PULMONARY
52
What breath sounds will someone with left sided heart failure have?
Cough, crackles, wheezes
53
What type of sputum will someone with left sided heart failure have?
Frothy, sometimes blood tinged
54
What is frothy sputum that is blood tinged often referred as?
Pulmonary edema
55
What nocturnal symptoms will someone with left sided heart failure have?
Wake up in the middle of the night with SOA - paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
56
What position will someone with LEFT sided heart failure like to be in?
Tripod
57
When breathing is best in an upright position and/or tripod, what is this called?
Orthopnea
58
What type of heart failure is associated with COPD?
Right sided
59
What type of heart failure has blood back up into the vena cava?
Right sided
60
What type of heart failure causes blood to back up into the pulmonary veins?
Left sided
61
Where does right sided heart failure typically cause congestion? (3)
Jugular veins Liver Lower extremities
62
What are 4 findings consistent with RIGHT sided heart failure?
JVD Dependent edema Weight gain Hepatoslenomegaly (enlarged spleen and liver)

Pathopharmacology I (33 decks)

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