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Neuroscience > 06c: Peripheral Auditory System > Flashcards

06c: Peripheral Auditory System Flashcards

1
Q

Perceived loudness of sound reflects (X).

A

X = amplitude of pressure fluctuations

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2
Q

The Sound Pressure Level (SPL) is defined as:

A

20*log(P/Po)

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3
Q

SPL has which units?

A

dB

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4
Q

If the pressure of a sound wave is 100 times greater than reference level, the intensity would have which value?

A

SPL = 20*log(100) = 40 dB

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5
Q

For every increase in pressure by one order of magnitude, the intensity we perceive is increased by:

A

20 dB

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6
Q

Perceived pitch of sound reflects (X).

A

X = frequency

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7
Q

Frequency units.

A

Hz

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8
Q

Explain reason for “impedance mismatch” in (X) system?

A

X = auditory;

Air is less dense than inner ear fluid, so most E from incoming sound wave would be reflected back upon reaching interface

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9
Q

The (X) system overcomes “impedance mismatch” because (Y) is (Z) times greater than:

A 
X = auditory;
Y = ear drum/tympanic membrane
Z = 20

Oval window/footplate of Stapes

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10
Q

Since the tympanic membrane’s surface area is so much larger than (X), the (Y) is amplified correspondingly.

A 
X = oval window
Y = force per unit area
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11
Q

The orientation and movement of middle ossicles bones provides (X) advantage factor of (Y).

A 
X = mechanical;
Y = 1.5
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12
Q

T/F: sound arriving at inner ear through the skull passes the middle ear.

A

False

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13
Q

Ossicles are present in (external/middle/internal) ear. List them, from lateral to medial.

A

Middle

  1. Malleus
  2. Incus
  3. Stapes
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14
Q

(X) is the site for transducing sound waves into neural impulses

A

X = cochlea

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15
Q

Cochlea composed of (X) number of (perpendicular/parallel) canals. List them, from top to bottom.

A

X = 3
Parallel;

  1. Scala vestibuli
  2. Scala media
  3. Scala tympani
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16
Q

Which canals in cochlea contain perilymph, which is high in (X) ion?

A

Scala vestibuli and tympani

X = Na

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17
Q

Which canals in cochlea contain endolymph, which is high in (X) ion?

A

Scala media

X = K

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18
Q

Which canals in cochlea in contact with round window?

A

Scala tympani

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19
Q

Which canals in cochlea in contact with oval window?

A

Scala vestibuli

20
Q

(Round/oval) window found at base of cochlea.

A

Both

21
Q

Reissner’s membrane separates:

A

Scala vestibuli from scala media

22
Q

Basilar membrane separates:

A

Scala media from scala tympani

23
Q

Name the structure at (base/apex) of cochlea that connects (X) and (Y) canals.

A

Apex;
X = scala vestibuli
Y = scala tympani

Helicotrema

24
Q

(X) is the name of the sensory epithelium of the auditory system. It sits on top of (Y).

A 
X = organ of corti
Y = basilar membrane
25
Q

Base of HCs in auditory system are implanted in (X). Tips protrude into (Y).

A 
X = organ of corti
Y = tectorial membrane
26
Q

HCs in auditory system composed of:

A

Stereocilia only

27
Q

Auditory system: depolarization when stereocilia bend toward (X).

A

X = tallest stereocilia

28
Q

(X) membrane in inner ear is the one that vibrates in response to sound waves.

A

X = basilar

29
Q

Stereocilia of HCs in auditory system are bathing in (peri/endo)lymph of (X) canal, which is (high/low) in K and has standing potential of (Y).

A

Endolymph;
X = scala media
High;
Y = +100 mV

30
Q

Sound intensity is encoded in which way(s)?

A
  1. Firing rate

2. Number of HCs (and afferent fibers) responding

31
Q

Sound pitch is encoded in which way(s)?

A

Location of basilar membrane that is vibrating (between apex and base)

32
Q

Sound with high (X) will vibrate (apex/base) of (Y) membrane.

A

X = frequency;
Base;
Y = basilar

33
Q

Resonator theory is that which describes how (X) is encoded.

A

X = sound pitch/frequency

34
Q

Each auditory afferent nerve has a preferred (X) that it’s most sensitive to.

A

X = sound frequency

35
Q

As a sound deviates further from an auditory nerve’s preferred frequency, there’s an (increase/decrease) in (X) at which the nerve can detect the sound.

A

Increase;

X = threshold of loudness (dB)

36
Q

Auditory nerve fibers have a (more/less/equally) selective response to frequency of sound compared to the basilar membrane.

A

More selective (second filter)

37
Q

“Second filter” tuning mechanism in auditory nerve fibers may be due to which phenomena?

A
  1. Lateral inhibition

2. Mechanical and electrical resonance

38
Q

(X) ion entering and depolarizing auditory hair cell from (perilymph/endolymph) is due to (chemical/electrical) gradient.

A

X = K

Endolymph; electrical

39
Q

(X) ion leaving and repolarizing hair cell goes into (perilymph/endolymph) due to (chemical/electrical) gradient.

A

X = K
Perilymph;
Chemical

40
Q

When HC is depolarized, due primarily to (X) ion (leaving/entering), which other key ion (leaves/enters) HC and helps in repolarization process.

A

X = K
Entering;
Ca enters

41
Q

“Ringing” or electrical resonance in hair cells is dependent on which factor(s)?

A
  1. Density of K and Ca channels in hair cell

2. Kinetics of calcium-gated K channels

42
Q

HC toward apex of membrane will have (higher/lower) density of K/Ca channels with (faster/slower) calcium-gated K channels.

A

Lower; slower

43
Q

(Inner/outer) HCs provide most, (X)%, of input to auditory nerve.

A

Inner;

X = over 95

44
Q

(Inner/outer) HCs change shape to mechanically (dampen/amplify) (X).

A

Outer;
Amplify;
X = oscillatory movement of basilar membrane

45
Q

In tinnitus, there’s uncontrolled (X) of (Y), producing an actual measurable sound emitted by tympanic membrane.

A 
X = cyclical contraction
Y = outer HCs

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