10b: Cortex II (Development)

Question 1

Which foramen connects lateral ventricles to the subsequent (X) ventricle?

Answer 1

X = third

Foramen of Monro

Question 2

During development, the hemispheres first grow/expand in which direction(s) to form (X) lobe?

Answer 2

Forward

X = frontal lobe

Question 3

During development, the hemispheres grow/expand upward/laterally to form (X) lobe/area?

Answer 3

X = parietal

Question 4

During development, the hemispheres grow/expand posteriorly to form (X) lobe/area?

Answer 4

X = occipital

Question 5

During development, the hemispheres grow/expand inferiorly to form (X) lobe/area?

Answer 5

X = temporal

Question 6

The temporal lobe is marked during development by indentation called (X), which grows backwards. Inside the area of (X) is the future (Y).

Answer 6

X = lateral fissure;
Y = insula

Question 7

List the commissures that appear during development, in the order which they appear.

Answer 7

1. Anterior
2. Commissure of fornix
3. Corpus callosum

Question 8

The anterior commissure connects:

Answer 8

Olfactory bulb and portions of temporal lobes

Question 9

The thin wall of hemispheres extending vertically from corpus callosum to (X) is called (Y).

Answer 9

X = fornix
Y = septum pellucidum

Question 10

T/F: Neuro-epithleium of cerebral hemispheres is much like the epithelium of rest of neural tube.

Answer 10

True

Question 11

Neuroepithelium of cerebral hemispheres is (single/multi)-layered (X) type of epithelium.

Answer 11

Single;

X = pseudo stratified

Question 12

Neuroepithelium of cerebral hemispheres has zones that differ based on:

Answer 12

Density of cells within zone

Question 13

The marginal zone of cerebral hemisphere is near (X) and is cell-(sparse/dense).

Answer 13

X = the pia

Sparse

Question 14

The ventricular zone of cerebral hemisphere is near (X) and is cell-(sparse/dense).

Answer 14

X = ventricles

Dense

Question 15

The (marginal/ventricular) zone of neuro-epithelium consists of (X) cells, which eventually divide/differentiate to generate (Y) of cortex.

Answer 15

Ventricular;
X = neuroblasts;
Y = pyramidal neurons and glia

Question 16

Cerebral cortex development: A dividing (X) translocates its nucleus through cytoplasm from (Y) to (Z).

Answer 16

X = neuroblast;
Y = ventricular margin
Z = marginal zone

Then back to ventricular margin

Question 17

Cerebral cortex development: The (X) cell divides at which border/zone?

Answer 17

X = neuroblast;

At ventricular margin

Question 18

Cerebral cortex development: If plane of (X) during cell division is vertical, aka (symmetrical/asymmetrical) division, what’s the fate of the daughter cells?

Answer 18

X = cleavage;
Symmetrical;
Both will become neuroblasts OR neurons

Question 19

Neural precursors initially divide (symmetrically/asymmetrically). Gradually, the percent of (symmetrical/asymmetrical) divisions increases.

Answer 19

Asymmetrically; symmetrical

Question 20

Cerebral cortex development: If plane of (X) during cell division is horizontal, aka (symmetrical/asymmetrical) division, what’s the fate of the daughter cells?

Answer 20

X = cleavage;
Asymmetrical;

One will be neuroblast, the other a neuron/glial cell

Question 21

Newly generated neurons migrate on (X) to (Y) surface, where they accumulate in a layer of cells called (Z).

Answer 21

X = radial glial fibers;
Y = pial
Z = cortical plate

Question 22

First neuroblasts to differentiate will do so to become (X) cells.

Answer 22

X = radial glia

Question 23

The most recently generate neurons are located at (base/superficial surface) of cortical plate.

Answer 23

Superficial surface

Question 24

During development, cortical plate will become widely separated from (X) zone via formation of (Y) zone. This is due to (growth/invasion) of axons.

Answer 24

X = ventricular
Y = intermediate

Both! Growth of cortical plate axons and invasion of thalamic axons

Question 25

The intermediate zone of the developing cortex will eventually become:

Answer 25

Subcortical white matter

Question 26

During cortical development, migration of neurons differs based on which characteristic?

Answer 26

Whether they're excitatory or inhibitory

Question 27

Inhibitory neurons undergo (X) migration, traveling on (Y) cells.

Answer 27

``` X = tangential (neurophilic); Y = other neurons ```

Question 28

Excitatory neurons undergo (X) migration, traveling on (Y) cells.

Answer 28

``` X = radial (gliophilic); Y = radial glial ```

Question 29

T/F: Cell generation/differentiation of cortex continues postnatally.

Answer 29

True

Question 30

T/F: The cortical plate persists in adults.

Answer 30

False - becomes neocortex (cells in layers 2-6)

Question 31

Fate of ventricular zone of cortex in adult.

Answer 31

Becomes ependymal layer and sub-ventricular zone

Question 32

When neuronal migration is complete, many radial glia transform into (X).

Answer 32

X = astrocytes

Question 33

The migrating neurons are (unipolar/bipolar) in form. They send out branches to form (dendrites/local plexuses) first.

Answer 33

Bipolar; Both simultaneously

Question 34

During development of cortex, there's extensive (over/under)-production of (X), which are then "pruned" (before/after) birth.

Answer 34

Over; X = synapses; After

Question 35

T/F: There are many abnormal axonal projections during development.

Answer 35

True - subject to pruning

Question 36

T/F: Association cortices are located immediately adjacent to their respectful primary areas.

Answer 36

True

Question 37

All association areas adjacent to the primary areas are (unimodal/multimodal). The information is then transmitted to (unimodal/multimodal) (X) areas.

Answer 37

Unimodal; Multimodal; X = association

Question 38

The Protomap theory proposes that:

Answer 38

Fate of neurons is determined very early, prior to migration into cortex

Question 39

The Protocortex theory proposes that:

Answer 39

Cortical areas become specified as consequence of other factors (i.e. thalamic input)

Question 40

The (X) theory suggests that a "map" of cortical areas is programmed within the neurons.

Answer 40

X = protomap

Question 41

Ocular dominance columns receiving input from deprived eye become more narrow than those receiving input from functional eye. This supports (protomap/protocortex) theory.

Answer 41

Protocortex

Question 42

Radical rewiring describes which phenomenon? It supports the (protomap/protocortex) theory.

Answer 42

Protocortex; Cortex that would normally subserve one sensory function can assume a completely different role (in radical situation)

Question 43

List the potential methods by which the number of cortical areas can expand.

Answer 43

1. Existing areas subdivide 2. New area appears and is maintained due to evolutionary advantage 3. New association cortex/area added onto existing cortex

Question 44

(Neuro/glio)-genesis peaks first, so most (X) cells generated late in development, from (Y) zone.

Answer 44

Neurogenesis; X = glial Y = subventricular

Question 45

T/F: Glial cells continue to be produced throughout life.

Answer 45

True

Question 46

T/F: Myelination is complete in the second year of life in humans.

Answer 46

False - not until early adulthood

Question 47

T/F: Neurogenesis has stopped postnatally.

Answer 47

False - continues through year 2 in humans