arterial blood gas

Question 1

What type of acid is CO2

Answer 1

Volatile acid

Question 2

Equation for anion gap

Answer 2

Uncounted anions - uncounted cations

Na-(Cl+bicarbonate) = usually 12

Question 3

Causes of AG acidosis

Answer 3

GOLD MARK
Glycols, oxoproline, L lactate, D lactate, methanol, aspirin, renal failure, ketoacidosis,
Addition of acid/loss of bicarbonate

Question 4

Renal Tubular Acidosis

Answer 4

Non anion gap metabolic acidosis
Urinary loss of bicarbonate
GI losses, acetazolamide
Types I, II, III

Question 5

Acidosis vs acidaemia

Answer 5

Acidosis: increase in acid
Acidaemia: decrease in blood pH due to acidosis

Question 6

What controls the respiratory centre

Answer 6

Pons and medulla

Question 7

What does the dorsal respiratory group do

Answer 7

Controls quiet breathing, triggers inspiratory impulses

Question 8

What does the ventral respiratory group do

Answer 8

Inspiratory and expiratory impulses

Question 9

What innervates the diaphragm, scalene and external IC muscles

Answer 9

External IC: T1-T11
Scalene: C3-C8
Diaphragm: C3-C5

Question 10

What innervates the sternocleidomastoid

Answer 10

XI cranial nerve

Question 11

What innervates tha abdo wall and internal IC muscles

Answer 11

T5-T12

Internal IC: T1-T12

Question 12

Central vs peripheral chemoreceptors

Answer 12

Central - detect H+ in CSF

Peripheral - carotid and aortic bodies respond to PaO2 and PaCO2

Question 13

Causes of respiratory depression

Answer 13

opioids, narcotics, alcohol
Anasthesia
Cerebral diseases

Question 14

What does respiratory depression lead to

Answer 14

Hypoxaemic hypoxia
Hypercarbia
Acute resp acidosis