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Biology 11 > 11.1 Blood and Vessels > Flashcards

11.1 Blood and Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

3 major components of the circulatory system

A

blood, heart, blood vessels

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2
Q

the blood

A

-A type of connective tissue, made up of cells and liquid
-Carries nutrients and waste

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3
Q

the heart

A

-Multi-chambered, muscular organ
-Pumps blood throughout the body (force)

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4
Q

blood vessels

A

-Tubes that form a pipeline through the body
-Transport blood (+nutrients +waste) around the body

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5
Q

organisms that have an open circulatory system

A

grasshopper, insects, lobsters, crabs

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6
Q

organisms that have a closed circulatory system

A

earthworms, squids, humans

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7
Q

describe an open circulatory system

A

-Blood is not contained within vessels
-Tubular heart pumps blood through vessels
-Vessels open into spongy chambers called sinuses
-Deoxygenated blood is collected from another set of sinuses making its way back to the heart

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8
Q

describe a closed circulatory system

A

-Blood is contained within blood vessels
-Nutrients, O2 , and waste move in and out through thin walls of vessels
-Blood is circulated more efficiently in a closed system
-It can be pumped under higher pressure

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9
Q

in which circulatory system is blood enclosed in a heart?

A

closed circulatory system

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10
Q

in which circulatory system is blood circulated more efficiently?

A

closed circulatory system

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11
Q

blood is a specialized _____ ______, that’s part cellular and part liquid

A

connective tissue

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12
Q

what is blood composed of?

A

platelets, plasma, RBC’s, WBC’s

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13
Q

another name for red blood cells

A

erythrocytes

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14
Q

another name for white blood cells

A

leukocytes

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15
Q

functions of blood

A

Transports O2, water, nutrients to cells

Removes waste from cells

Aids in temperature regulation

Helps to fight infection and heal wounds

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16
Q

plasma is ___% of blood volume

A

55%

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17
Q

___% of plasma is water

A

90%

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18
Q

how does the water in plasma help the body?

A

Helps to control body temperature

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19
Q

10% of plasma is made up of ___________________

A

10% made of proteins, dissolved nutrients, and wastes

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20
Q

how do plasma proteins help the body?

A

Plasma proteins transport fatty acids and vitamins, and fight viral and bacterial infections

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21
Q

____% of RBC’s make up blood volume

A

45%

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22
Q

function of RBC’s

A

Red blood cells contain a protein called hemoglobin, which carries oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body.

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23
Q

what gives RBCs their crimson colour?

A

O2 molecules bind to the iron portion of hemoglobin, which gives it a crimson colour

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24
Q

RBC’s are produced in the ___________

A

bone marrow

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25
Q

what gives RBCs their disk shape?

A

As RBC’s mature they lose their nuclei and mitochondria (making them disc-shaped)

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26
Q

how does the shape of RBCs benefit them?

A

Shape provides increased surface area for O2 transfer and flexibility to fit through blood vessels

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27
Q

Why can’t RBCs replace proteins, grow, or divide?

A

because it does not have a nucleus

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28
Q

what is the typical lifespan of an RBC?

A

100-120 days

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29
Q

Where does the iron from old RBC’s go?

A

gets recycled and returned to the bone marrow where it is used in new RBC’s

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30
Q

function of WBC’s

A

Guard against infection
Fight parasites
Attack bacteria

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31
Q

Why don’t WBC’s have to stay within blood vessels?

A

They need to move through the vessel walls when they are needed to attack foreign organisms

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32
Q

WBC’s travel to the ___________ to resolve the issue

A

site of infection

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33
Q

what is pus?

A

combination of WBC’s and dead bacteria

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34
Q

where are WBCs produced?

A

WBC’s are also produced in the bone marrow

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35
Q

true or false: WBC’s keep their nuclei and live for years

A

true

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36
Q

what are platelets

A

Plasma proteins that aid in the clotting process

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37
Q

how are platelets formed?

A

cell fragments that originate when the cytoplasm of bone marrow cells divide

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38
Q

true or false: putting pressure on the wound makes clotting process occur slower

A

false
putting pressure on the wound helps clotting process occur faster

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39
Q

what do platelets do when there are damaged blood vessels?

A

Platelets stick to site where there are damaged blood vessels

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40
Q

describe the clotting process

A

Platelets stick to site where there are damaged blood vessels

Platelets break apart and release clotting factors
-clotting factors make other platelets sticky and activate a series of reactions in the plasma

These reactions result in the formation of a strand-like protein called fibrin
-fibrin threads trap RBC’s and platelets

Within minutes this network of threads and cells builds up, forming a patch that stretches over the torn tissue

When this dries it forms a scab, which protects the area while new tissue is formed

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41
Q

when clotting factors make other platelets sticky and activate a series of reactions in the plasma, what does the reaction result in?

A

a strand-like protein called fibrin

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42
Q

how is a scab formed?

A

-fibrin threads trapped RBC’s and platelets

-within minutes this network of threads and cells builds up, forming a patch that stretches over the torn tissue

-when this dries it forms a scab, which protects the area while new tissue is formed

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43
Q

basic description of steps in clotting process

A

Platelets stick to site

Platelets break apart to form clotting factors

Fibrin is produced

Thick web/mesh formed trapping RBC’s and platelets

Mesh like barrier is formed around injury site to protect while healing

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44
Q

3 types of blood vessels

A

arteries, veins, capillaries

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45
Q

walls of vessels contain

A

smooth muscle, connective tissue, epithelial tissue

46
Q

smooth muscle

A

Regulates the diameter of the blood vessel

47
Q

connective tissue

A

Enables the blood vessel to expand and contract as blood flows through it

48
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Epithelial tissue lines the walls of blood vessels (outside layer)

49
Q

arteries

A

Carry blood (away) from heart to tissues

50
Q

what are artery walls made of?

A

Walls made up of epithelial tissue wrapped in layers of smooth muscle and connective tissue

51
Q

Blood in arteries is under ______ due to heart’s pumping action

A

pressure

52
Q

what does pressure in the arteries ensure?

A

Pressure ensures blood flow in only one direction

53
Q

Arteries branch into smaller and smaller vessels where they are called _______

A

arterioles

54
Q

The force that blood exerts against the artery walls is called _____ ________

A

blood pressure

55
Q

veins

A

Blood returns from capillaries to heart through veins

56
Q

what are vein walls made of?

A

Walls of veins consist of epithelial tissue surrounded by smooth muscle and connective tissue

57
Q

Muscle layer in veins is ______ than in arteries

A

thinner

58
Q

Blood in veins is under very _______ pressure

A

little

59
Q

what is the main force pushing blood through veins?

A

skeletal muscle tissue

60
Q

Contracting these muscles ____ veins, forcing ____ through them

A

squeezes; blood

61
Q

capillaries

A

Microscopic blood vessels with a high surface area resembling tiny tubes

62
Q

capillaries provide close contact with ___________

A

all cells of the body

63
Q

true or false: capillaries are very narrow

A

true

64
Q

what are capillary walls made of?

A

Walls contain epithelial tissue encased in a moist membrane

65
Q

_____ & ____ pass out of blood and ____ passes into blood

A

Nutrients and oxygen; waste

66
Q

arteries

A

-Carry blood from heart

-Walls are made up of epithelial tissue wrapped in a thick layer of smooth muscle and connective tissue (elastic)

-Blood under a large amount of pressure

-Pressure ensures blood flow in only one direction

67
Q

veins

A

-Carry blood to heart

-Walls are made up of epithelial tissue
-wrapped in a thin layer of smooth muscle and
connective tissue (non-elastic)

-Blood under little pressure

-Valves and skeletal muscle ensure blood flow in only one direction

68
Q

diffusion

A

molecules (nutrients, waste etc) move from a high to low concentration

69
Q

diffusion gradient

A

gradual change in concentration of solutes in a solution as a function of the distance through the solution

70
Q

where does Nutrient Exchange Between Blood and Cells occur?

A

in the capillaries

71
Q

the Lymphatic System

A

A network of vessels, nodes (connecting points), and organs that collect the fluid that leaves the capillaries (3-4L/ day)

72
Q

function of lymphatic system

A

Screens fluid for micro-organisms and returns it to the circulatory system

73
Q

Once inside the lymphatic vessels, the fluid is called _________

A

lymph

74
Q

what is lymph

A

Clear, watery fluid made up of protein molecules, salt, glucose, and other substances

75
Q

If lymphatic system did not drain lymph it would…

A

accumulate and cause edema (swelling)

76
Q

Lymph vessels have valves preventing…

A

backflow into capillaries

77
Q

Lymph drains into ______ near the ____

A

circulatory system; heart

78
Q

Spleen is part of the ___________ system

A

lymphatic

79
Q

function of spleen

A

Helps to remove old or damaged blood cells, stores platelets, and helps control the amount of blood and blood cells throughout the body

80
Q

how does lymph help to provide immunity?

A

-WBC’s mature in thymus
-Lymph nodes filter out harmful micro-organisms and abnormal cells

81
Q

What are three main components of the
circulatory system?

A

blood,
the heart
the blood vessels

82
Q

What is an open circulatory system?

A

-blood is not entirely contained within blood vessels

83
Q

What is an example of an animal that has
an open circulatory system?

A

e.g. in the grasshopper a tubular heart pumps blood through vessels that open into spongy chambers called sinuses.
-from the sinuses, the blood bathes the body tissues, then collects in another set of sinuses
and makes its way back to the heart.

84
Q

What is a closed circulatory system?

A

blood remains contained entirely within blood vessels that extend throughout the body.

nutrients, oxygen, and wastes move in and out through the thin walls of the smallest blood vessels.

85
Q

What is an example of an animal that has
a closed circulatory system?

A

Earthworms, squids, octopuses, and vertebrates all have closed circulatory
systems

86
Q

why is blood circulated more efficiently in a closed circulatory system than an open circulatory system?

A

The increased efficiency is because blood that is completely contained within blood vessels can be pumped under higher pressure than blood in open-ended vessels.

87
Q

What are five main functions of blood?

A

transports oxygen, water, nutrients, and other chemicals to cells.

removes waste products from tissues and delivers them to areas where they can be removed from your body.

regulate body temperature

fight infection

heal wounds

88
Q

About how long does it take for blood to make
a complete circuit through the human body?

A

Under normal activity, it takes about one minute for blood to make a complete circuit through your body.

89
Q

what causes your blood to circulate more quickly, keeping your cells supplied with oxygen and nutrients

A

Increased activity, such as running
or dancing

90
Q

About how much blood is found in an average
human body?

A

4 to 6 L of blood

91
Q

List the four main components of blood

A

platelets
plasma
RBC’s
WBC’s

92
Q

Describe the characteristics of plasma

A

-straw-coloured solution

-90 percent water, helps to control body temp

-remaining 10 percent is made of proteins,
dissolved nutrients, and wastes, such as carbon dioxide

-plasma proteins transport fatty acids and vitamins, and fight viral and bacterial infections

93
Q

What is the main function of red
blood cells?

A

carry oxygen from the lungs to all the
tissues of the body

94
Q

What is the average life span of a red
blood cell?

A

between 100 and 120 days

95
Q

What is the main function of white
blood cells?

A

cells that guard against infection, fight parasites,
and attack bacteria

96
Q

What is the average life span of a white
blood cell?

A

Unlike red blood cells, white blood cells keep their nuclei and can live for years

97
Q

What is the main function of platelets?

A

prevent and stop bleeding

-if a blood vessel is damaged, the body sends signals to platelets which cause them to travel to the injured area
-once the platelets arrive at the site, they clump together to form a clot that helps stop bleeding

98
Q

Where are blood cells made?

A

bone marrow

99
Q

What is the function of an artery?

A

large blood vessels that carry blood from the heart to the tissues

100
Q

What is the function of a vein?

A

returns blood from the capillaries to the heart

101
Q

What is the function of the valves in veins?

A

allow blood to flow only toward the heart

102
Q

What is the role of fibrin in blood clotting?

A

Fibrin threads trap red blood cells and platelets.

Within a few minutes of injury, this network of threads and cells builds up, eventually forming a patch that stretches over the torn tissue.

This patch dries into a scab. The scab protects the area while new tissue grows.

103
Q

What is lymph?

A

a clear, watery fluid made up of
protein molecules, salt, glucose, and other substances

104
Q

What is the main function of lymph?

A

collects the fluid that leaves capillaries, “screens” it for micro-organisms, and returns it to the circulatory system

105
Q

What happens if lymph accumulates?

A

If the lymphatic system did not drain lymph from the tissues, the lymph would accumulate, causing swelling called edema.

106
Q

How does lymph move through the
lymphatic system?

A

The combination of muscle contractions
squeezing the lymphatic vessels and the one-way valves helps fluid move through the lymphatic system

107
Q

What are three functions of the spleen?

A

-helps remove old or damaged blood cells
-stores platelets
-helps control the amount of blood and blood cells that circulate through the body

108
Q

How does having a closed circulatory system
benefit a large, active animal?

A

-animals with a closed circulatory system tend to be larger than those with an open circulatory system

-this type of system can transport blood to extremities while maintaining a higher blood pressure than the open circulatory system

-organisms with a closed system may have higher metabolisms, allowing them to move, digest and eliminate wastes more rapidly

109
Q

Make a flowchart that describes the
blood-clotting process.

A

platelets stick to site–> platelets break apart to

form clotting factors–> fibrin is produced–>thick

web/mesh formed trapping RBC’s and platelets–>

mesh like barrier is formed around injury site to protect while healing

110
Q

Define the term “diffusion.”

A

molecules move across a membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower
concentration

111
Q

Explain the role of diffusion in the transport
of nutrients from the source to the cell

A

Diffusion is important to organisms because it is the process by which useful molecules enter the body cells and waste products are removed.

Digested food molecules (amino acids, glucose) move down a concentration gradient from the intestine to the blood

112
Q

How does the lymphatic system assist the
circulatory system?

A

supports the circulatory system by

-draining excess fluids and proteins from tissues, screening for microorganisms and returning it back into the bloodstream/circulatory system(preventing tissue swelling)
-collects fluid that leaves capillaries

Biology 11 (58 decks)

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