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Biology 11 > 3.2 Exploring Animal DIversity > Flashcards

3.2 Exploring Animal DIversity Flashcards

1
Q

members of this kingdom are…

A

Eukaryotic
Lack cell walls
Multicellular
Heterotrophs
Motile (at some point)
Form a hollow ball of cells, called a blastula, during embryological development
35 different phyla

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2
Q

blastula

A

a hollow ball of cells formed during embryological development

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3
Q

evolution of animals

A

Similar to plants in terms of movement from water onto land

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4
Q

bodyplan of animals

A

-Unique to each species
- “Blueprint”
-body symmetry, body cavity, head,
embryological development, segmentation,
limbs, etc.

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5
Q

asymmetrical

A

No distinctive shape
-no symmetry
E.g. Sea Sponges, phylum Porifera

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6
Q

Radial symmetry

A

-Cylindrical, body parts arranged around central axis
-Lack a head and have no real front or back end
-Interactions with env. from any direction; useful if sessile(can’t move)
-E.g. Sea Anemone, phylum Cnidaria

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7
Q

Bilateral Symmetry

A

-Mirror image right and left sides
-Most common; well adapted for movement
-Cephalization: development of head with sensory organs
-ex. phylum arthropod

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8
Q

cephalization

A

development of head with sensory organs

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9
Q

segmentation (repeating parts)

A

-Earthworms, aka annelids (“little rings”)
-Contain repeating segments that are all very similar except for a distinct head and tail
-Some segments may become specialized to perform certain functions

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10
Q

Limbs (flippers, legs, wings)

A

Bilaterally symmetrical animals often have paired limbs or other external appendages
(e.g. gills, wings, antennae, fins, arms, etc.)

These limbs may be used for many purposes
(e.g. movement or defense)

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11
Q

zygote

A

diploid
forms when sperm fertilizes an egg

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12
Q

blastula

A

-a hollow ball of dividing cells
-Infolding forms a tube from one end to the other
-Forms the digestive tract (mouth OR anus)

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13
Q

what forms the digestive tract

A

blastula

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14
Q

blastopore

A

the first opening of digestive tract
If Mouth = protostome
(protos = first, stoma = mouth)
If Anus = deuterostome

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15
Q

protostome

A

mouth formed first

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16
Q

deuterostome

A

anus formed first

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17
Q

What sequence of development do biologists use to determine how closely species of animals are related?

A

blastopores and whether they’re protostomes or deuterostomes

18
Q

examples of protostomes

A

molluscs, arthropods, annelids

19
Q

examples of deuterstomes

A

echinoderms, chordates

20
Q

chordates vs. vertebrates

A

not all chordates are vertebrates
-(they don’t all have a backbone)

all vertebrates are chordates
-(they have a notochord, which all chordates have)

21
Q

what is animal evolution traced through

A

Animal evolution is traced through comparative anatomy, embryology, genetics, and molecular studies

22
Q

order of groups in vertebrate phylogeny

A

Sponges
Cnidarians
Flatworms
Rotifers
Molluscs
Annelids
Roundworms
Arthropods
Echinoderms
Chordates

23
Q

vertebrates

A

have a backbone

24
Q

invertebrates

A

DO NOT have a backbone
Comprise more that 98% of all animals!

25
Q

examples of invertebrates

A

porifera (sponges)

cnidaria (jellyfish, anemones)

platyhelminthes (flatworms)

nematoda (roundworms)

annelids (segmented worms)

mollusca (snails, squids, clams)

arthropods (insects, crustaceans, spiders)

echinodermata (sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers)

26
Q

vertebrate examples

A

hagfishes
lampreys
sharks and ray
ray-finned fish
lobe-finned fish
lung fishes
amphibia(frog, salamanders)
mammals
turtles
lizards, snakes
crocodiles, alligators
aves (birds)

27
Q

vertebrates

A

Make up most of the phylum chordata
-fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals, and
humans
Skull and backbone are 2 unique features:
-protect main parts of nervous system
-vertebrae enclose nerve cord
-skull protects brain

28
Q

evolution of vertebrates

A

-Hagfishes and Lampreys are the most closely related to the common ancestor of all vertebrates
-ALL vertebrates other than Hagfishes and Lampreys have hinged jaws
-The evolution of the hinged jaw in sharks and rays enabled vertebrates to capture and eat a wide variety of prey
-The development of paired limbs in these fish also aided in catching prey and locomotion

29
Q

give examples of further evolutionary developments which allowed vertebrates to survive and reproduce on land

A

lungs/derivatives, legs, and amniotic eggs

30
Q

what is the definition of an animal?

A

an animal is an organism that has/follows all these characteristics:

Eukaryotic
Lack cell walls
Multicellular
Heterotrophs
Motile (at some point)
Form a hollow ball of cells, called a blastula, during embryological development

31
Q

what distinguishes an animal from animal-like protists?

A

Protists are unicellular organisms, whereas animals are multicellular organisms.

32
Q

what is the significance of the blastula during embryological development?

A

develops into a digestive tract, whether it’s mouth first or anus first determines if you’re a protostome or deuterostome

33
Q

give one example of a vertebrate without hinged jaws, and one example of a vertebrate with hinged jaws

A

w/o = hagfish, lampreys

with= turtles, alligators

34
Q

what characteristics are unique to vertebrate animals?

A

-skull
-backbone

35
Q

what advantage does cephalization give bilaterally symmetrical animals?

A

The cephalization/bilateral symmetry combination allowed animals to have sensory organs facing the direction of movement, allowing a more focused assessment of the environment into which they are moving.

36
Q

explain the evolutionary significance of the amniotic egg

A

waterproof egg with a shell, allowed vertebrates to reproduce on land

37
Q

describe how embryonic development can indicate the evolutionary relationships between different invertebrates

A

depending on if their mouth or anus formed first, making them a protostome or deuterstome, is what biologists use to determine how closely related species of animals are

38
Q

suppose you are a zoologist working in a labratory. An animal you are observing has the following characteristics: bilateral symmetry, open circulatory system, mantle cavity and a complete digestive tract. In which phylum does this animal belong?

A

molluscs

39
Q

compare and contrast the process of digestion in flatworms, roundworms, and annelids

A

flatworms- digestive sac

roundworms- complete digestive tract with 2 openings + has stomach and intestines

annelids- complete digestive tract with 2 openings + has stomach and intestines

40
Q

describe how tetrapods may have evolved from fish-like ancestors

A

Limbs and lungs evolved in certain fishes that scientists hypothesize included the ancestors of terrestrial vertebrates.

Leg-like limbs may have allowed these animals to paddle and crawl through the dense vegetation and could support their weight as they moved onto land

41
Q

feathers

A

modified scales that may have evolved as insulation to conserve heat

42
Q

the backbone of vertebrates is composed of a series of skeletal segments called ____, which enclose the nerve cord

A

vertebrae

Biology 11 (58 decks)

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