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Evolution Unit Review Flashcards

1
Q

How does a penguin’s flipper show that a
penguin is more closely related to flying birds
than to a shark?

A

penguins flippers and bird’s wings are homologous structures, demonstrating that they share a common ancestor because of their similar structures

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2
Q

What is the primary abiogenesis theory?

A

first living things on Earth arose from non-living material

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3
Q

Using the Urey Miller experiment diagram, explain what each part of the Miller-Urey experimental set-up represented and explain the significance
of this experiment to the primary
abiogenesis theory

A

-heat mimics the sun
-water above heat mimics the ocean
-lollipop glass with gases mimics the atmosphere
-gases evaporating mimics clouds
-clouds cooling forms rain and precipation goes back into ocean
-electrodes mimic early lightning/energy

-created organic molecules from inorganic matter
-mimicked water cycle and simulated early earth

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4
Q

Explain the significance of adding oxygen to
Earth’s atmosphere

A

-crucial step in the development of more
complex organisms
-these prokaryotes were now aerobic, meaning they can function in the presence of oxygen

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5
Q

What is the geological time scale?

A

-the geologic time scale, or geological time scale, is a representation of time based on the rock record of Earth and organizes Earth’s geological history into distinct blocks of time
-used primarily by Earth scientists to describe the timing and relationships of events in geologic history

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6
Q

How are homologous structures evidence
for divergent evolution?

A

In divergent evolution, homologous structures are structures indicating a species is diverging from its ancestor

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7
Q

How are analogous structures evidence for
convergent evolution?

A

in convergent evolution, organisms with analogous structures evolved independently in different organisms because the organisms lived in similar environments or experienced similar selective pressures.

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8
Q

What role does the environment play in
convergent evolution?

A

Environmental circumstances/pressures that require similar developmental or structural alterations can lead to convergent evolution even though the species differ in descent.

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9
Q

What do stromatolites tell us about
evolution?

A

stromatolites: layered rocks that form when certain prokaryotes bind thin layers of sediment together

-contain fossils resembling photosynthetic
prokaryotes that are measured to be about 3.5 billion years old and tells us when they first evolved
-evidence that photosynthetic prokaryotes existed
3.5 bya suggests that life in simpler forms began even earlier

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10
Q

What do cladograms show?

A

diagram that shows relationships between species, these relationships are based on observable physical characteristics
-e.g. the horse, wolf, leopard, and house cat all
have hair
-this derived character unites a clade that
excludes the turtle
-the turtle would be included in a broader clade
of animals with backbones

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11
Q

Evolution is more likely to occur when a small
population has been separated from the main
population. Explain this phenomenon

A

-if a reproductive or geographic barrier separates a small “splinter” population from its main population and prevent them from mating, it can cause speciation
-this leads to the formation of a new species
and evolution occurs

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12
Q

Place the following items in order of occurrence:
oxygen in the atmosphere, multicellular
organisms, heterotrophic eukaryotes,
prokaryotes, autotrophic eukaryotes.

A

1) prokaryotes
2) oxygen in atmosphere
3) heterotrophic eukaryotes
4) autotrophic eukaryotes
5) multicellular organisms

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13
Q

Why is the development of sexual reproduction
so important in the history of life?

A

-plays a major part in evolution

allows organisms to begin combining genes, allowing the next generation to do more than its parents; increasing their chance of survival

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14
Q

What are the roles of homologous structures
and molecular data in phylogeny?

A

-organisms with homologous structures share a common ancestor, which can help you find out more about its phylogeny (evolutionary history)

-molecular data can be used in the classification of a species, and by comparing the genes and proteins in organisms, it can measure the relatedness of species, which also tells us information about its phylogeny

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15
Q

The initial population of lizards has a mix of green and yellow lizards on a yellow leaf. Several generations later, the population consists of mostly yellow lizards and rarely any green lizards.

(a) How would Darwin explain the change in
the population?

A

natural selection because the lizards have different variations and the environment selected the yellow trait since they are more successful(fit) and better adapted to the environment(yellow leaf)

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16
Q

The initial population of lizards has a mix of green and yellow lizards on a yellow lead. Several generations later, the population consists of mostly yellow lizards and rarely any green lizards.

(b) How would Lamarck explain the change in
the population?

A

he would explain the change in population with his “tendency towards perfection” theory (organisms continually change and acquire features in order to be more successful in their environments)

-he would say that the yellow lizards acquired their yellow colour in order to be more fit and successful in their environment

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17
Q

A mutation occurs in an individual in a population. What events must take place for the trait the mutation produces to become established in the population?

A

N.S- (survival of the fittest?)
Must take place and favour the mutation for it to become established in the pop.
This will increase the fitness of the trait, which means it will be passed on to the viable offspring

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18
Q

Birds build nests. How might this behaviour contribute to fitness?

A

Protects organisms from predators and increases their ability to survive and reproduce, which therefore increases their fitness

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19
Q

Identify the similarities and differences between each of the following pairs of concepts.
(a) fitness and adaptation

A

Similarities:
helps them to adapt and survive in their environment
both part of natural selection

Differences:
Fitness affects the organisms’ offspring because it’s how they survive and reproduce in their environ.
Adapation affects the current organisms because it’s how they evolve and respond to their environ.

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20
Q

Identify the similarities and differences between each of the following pairs of concepts
(b) artificial selection and natural selection

A

Similarities:
They both can decrease genetic variation because they both involve favouring one breed or trait in a pop.

Differences:
AS is when humans select the traits and NS is when the environment favours the trait
Organisms in NS are chosen based on their fitness and adaptations that help them survive
Organisms in AS are chosen based on looks and preferences

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21
Q

How is artificial selection proof of natural selection?

A

Artificial selection provides a model that helps us understand natural selection. It is a small step to go from humans selecting desirable traits in plants and animals to envisioning natural conditions acting selectively on populations and causing natural changes, especially over geological timescales.

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22
Q

How do each of the following provide evidence for evolution?
(a) A girl gets frequent strep throat infections. Over time the antibiotic she is given no longer cures the infection

A

Antibiotic resistance in bacteria
-bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics through mutations that alter targets of antibiotics or by acquiring resistance genes from other bacteria

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23
Q

How do each of the following provide evidence for evolution?
(b) In order to increase milk yield of his herd,
a farmer selectively breeds only those cows
that produce the most milk

A

Artificial Selection
-provides a model that helps us understand evolution
-evolutionary process in which humans consciously select for or against particular features in organisms by choosing which individuals to save seeds from or breed from one generation to the next

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24
Q

How do each of the following provide evidence for evolution?
(c) The embryos of primates, birds, and fish all
have pharyngeal pouches

A

Comparative Development
-embryos of closely related organisms often have similar stages in development
-similarity of these structures at early stages is further evidence that all vertebrates evolved from a common ancestor (evolution)

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25
Some mobile molluscs, such as octopuses, developed a centralized brain and head. Other molluscs that do not move, such as clams, did not develop a centralized brain and head. Form a hypothesis to explain this observation
Cumulative selection (evolution of simple structure into complex structure through small adaptations) -molluscs that don't move are simple and don't require complex adaptations -their simple structures are obviously enough to meet these animals’ needs
26
Suppose that, in the laboratory, you were able to mate two organisms successfully and the hybrid produced viable offspring. Does this mean that the two populations belong to the same species?
-2 parents aren't the same species (morphological species concept) -could eventually become the same species over time
27
How can the study of evolution help us understand the following. (a) pesticide resistance in insects
Pesticide Resistance: Directional Selection in Action -most survivors of the first pesticide treatments were insects with genes that somehow enabled them to resist the chemical attack -their offspring inherited the genes for pesticide resistance -in each generation, the percentage of pesticide-resistant individuals in the insect population increased -the population underwent directional selection -the alleles that produce higher pesticide resistance increase in the population
28
How can the study of evolution help us understand the following. (b) high frequencies of Huntington’s disease among Afrikaners
The Founder Effect (genetic drift) -genetic drift in a new colony is known as the founder effect because the change in allele frequencies relates to the genetic makeup of the founders of the colony -dutch immigrants from a few families that happened to have Huntington’s disease (neuromuscular disorder) established the Afrikaner population in South Africa. -therefore, today we can see higher frequencies of Huntington’s in Afrikaners than among the Dutch in Holland
29
How can the study of evolution help us understand the following. (c) diversity of tortoise species on the Galapagos Islands
adaptive radiation/divergent evolution (evolution from a common ancestor that results in diverse species adapted to different environments) species vary locally -he noticed that related animal species that occupied different habitats within a local environment had different features -tortoises on Isabela island have adaptations that allow them to reach the abundant vegetation close to the ground -española Island is hot, dry, and nearly barren -the Española Island tortoises have different adaptations to allow them to reach the high, sparse vegetation -have longer necks as well as a notches in their shells to allow their necks to reach further upward
30
Many diseases, such as sickle-cell disease, are caused by recessive alleles. Give two reasons why natural selection has not eliminated these diseases completely from the population
-makes some people (with sickle cell disease) resistant to malaria -people that are heterozygous (has recessive in it) can transfer allele to offspring and they will be resistant to malaria
31
A bridge is being constructed to cross a canyon. Predict how this might affect the evolution of species on each side of the canyon
geographic isolation -can separate different populations of one species -The separation of a small “splinter” population from its main population is a crucial event in the origin of species. -Once separate, the splinter population may follow its own evolutionary course. -Changes in the allele frequencies caused by genetic drift and natural selection can accumulate in the splinter population, making it less and less like the main population -if changed too much, can't interbreed, speciation occurs
32
Suggest reasons why genetic drift is not as big a factor in present-day human evolution as it was 20 000 or more years ago
-population is way higher now so it'll have smaller effects -bottleneck effect: disasters won't have as big of an impact because pop. is so big -founder effect (globalization): there's no island or place that's really isolated now, as well since we have airplanes there are no barriers now
33
Explain how flowering plants and pollinators co-evolved
-flowering plants have a mutualistic relationship with their pollinators -mutations that produce large, bright petals and a strong scent would attract more insect pollinators and therefore would be favoured over small, dull flowers with little scent. -similarly, pollinators that were more attracted to brighter flowers got more nectar and were more likely to survive -the shape of the flower can also co-evolve with a pollinator species
34
A species of grass that was eaten by many species of herbivores develops a mutation that makes its leaves toxic to the animals that eat it. Predict what might happen to the herbivores that eat the plant
-once the plants began producing poisons, natural selection favoured any variation in insect populations that could alter, inactivate, or eliminate these poisons -different insect species have developed adaptations to cope with the poisons -some species like the monarch caterpillar found a way to store the toxin in its tissues to make itself poisonous to others.
35
Why are geological changes often accompanied by mass extinctions?
many organisms cannot adapt or cannot adapt quickly enough to the new environmental conditions that may result from the geological changes
36
Form two hypotheses to account for the sudden appearance of species in the fossil record
1) punctuated equilibrium: sudden appearance of morphologically distinct new species in the fossil record 2) after catastrophism happens, then it would just be new organisms evolving in their new environment
37
Compare the extinction of species through natural selection and mass extinction
Species become extinct in natural selection because they can no longer survive and reproduce in their altered environment. -If members cannot adjust to change that is too fast or drastic, the opportunity for the species' evolution is lost A mass extinction event is when species vanish much faster than they are replaced due to a geographic change
38
Why is it sometimes difficult to establish whether two fossils are of the same species or belong to similar yet different species, using fossil evidence alone?
-if speciation occurred, then two species can look similar but would be considered different species because they can no longer reproduce -gradualism + punctuated equilibrium-: if the species goes through a transitional change, all the fossils throughout the change might not be in the record, so it can be difficult to establish whether they're the same species
39
Homo sapiens do not have tails, are bipedal, have a relatively large brain, and do not walk on their knuckles. Chimpanzees do not have tails, are not bipedal, have a relatively small brain, and walk on their knuckles. Fossil evidence suggests Ardipithecus ramidus had no tail, was bipedal, had a relatively small brain, and did not walk on its knuckles. (a) What characteristic do all three species have in common?
bipedalism
39
Homo sapiens do not have tails, are bipedal, have a relatively large brain, and do not walk on their knuckles. Chimpanzees do not have tails, are not bipedal, have a relatively small brain, and walk on their knuckles. Fossil evidence suggests Ardipithecus ramidus had no tail, was bipedal, had a relatively small brain, and did not walk on its knuckles. (b) What feature did chimpanzees develop after the point at which ancestral chimpanzees and hominids diverged?
the habit of knuckle walking seen in chimpanzees and other apes may have evolved after the human and ape lineages diverged
40
Explain each of the following human traits in terms of the theory of natural selection. (a) high variation of hair types
doesn't matter in natural selection since it isn't required for survival
41
Explain each of the following human traits in terms of the theory of natural selection. (b) low variation in the hemoglobin gene
very important in natural selection as they all have to be the same since they carry oxygen to RBCs, if they're all different or there's a mutation, the person will die
42
Explain each of the following human traits in terms of the theory of natural selection. (c) high variation in alleles for a noncoding gene (a gene that does not code for a protein)
doesn't matter in natural selection since it isn't required for survival
43
Explain each of the following human traits in terms of the theory of natural selection. (d) low variation in alleles for a coding gene (a gene that codes for a protein)
very important in natural selection and has to be all the same for it to function properly and aid in survival
44
catastrophism
the theory that changes in the earth's crust during geological history have resulted chiefly from sudden violent and unusual events
45
Homo sapiens do not have tails, are bipedal, have a relatively large brain, and do not walk on their knuckles. Chimpanzees do not have tails, are not bipedal, have a relatively small brain, and walk on their knuckles. Fossil evidence suggests Ardipithecus ramidus had no tail, was bipedal, had a relatively small brain, and did not walk on its knuckles. (c) What feature did Homo sapiens develop after ancestral chimpanzees and hominids diverged?
fully opposable thumb that can touch the little finger
46
A common misconception is that the human baby toe no longer has a function and so it is becoming progressively smaller and will eventually disappear. Explain why this is not true
not true because natural selection doesn't always get rid of every vestigial structure in organisms, it just passes on favoured traits to offspring
47
What event took place between 2.5 and 2.0 billion years ago?
oxygen was introduced into the atmosphere and caused a mass extinction of obligate anaerobes
48
Which groups have amniotic eggs?
primates, rodents, lizards and birds
49
What derived character is only shared by primates and rodents?
hair
50
Which organism shares the fewest derived characters?
sharks
51
Which organism shares the fewest derived characters?
sharks
52
Use the information in the table to construct a cladogram (b) What derived character was shared by all organisms but one?
aminotic egg
53
What can you infer about the evolution of retractable claws as compared to the evolution of an amniotic egg?
amniotic eggs is a shared derived characteristic among the organisms in this clade which could mean they share a common ancestor and retractable claws is the most derived trait
54
A kangaroo is a marsupial. What derived character, not shown in the table, evolved after the branch split off from the main group?
marsupial pouch
55
Outline the process of natural selection
1) struggle for existence: only a small fraction of offspring will survive and reproduce=competition among the offspring to survive 2) variation + adaptation: variations improve an individual’s chance of surviving and reproducing, these variations are adaptations 3) survival of the fittest: organisms that survive and reproduce, have greater reproductive success 4) natural selection: organisms with trait that survive are favoured
56
Explain why today evolutionary biologists depend on both comparative anatomy and DNA evidence to establish evolutionary relationships. Why is DNA evidence alone insufficient?
57
What are the advantages and disadvantages to using artificial insemination in agriculture?
advantage -a single prized male can produce far more offspring than he would have through conventional selective breeding disadvantage -reduced genetic diversity (offspring all have same father)
58
Explain, using natural selection, how pesticide resistance develops
variation/adaptation -due to a mutation, one variation of a trait in a bug could be pesticide resistance survival of the fittest -organisms with the pesticide resistance trait survive and reproduce natural selection -entire population is mostly pesticide resistant insects now and are favoured by the environment because they adapted + survived
59
Explain how refugia can reduce pesticide resistance.
-both pesticide-resistant and pesticide-sensitive insects survive in the refuge and they will interbreed -if the allele for pesticide resistance is recessive, only about a quarter of the offspring will be resistant -thus, over several generations, the proportion of pesticide-resistant insects in the population will be significantly reduced
60
Some people dispute the effectiveness of the flu shot since you have to get a new one every year. (a) Explain in evolutionary terms why a new flu shot every year is required
-every year, scientists monitor mutations in influenza viruses and try to predict which strain will be most common and infect the most people -they then develop a vaccine against this strain to prevent infections -because the virus mutates so quickly, every year new vaccines have to be created to protect against the new strains -this is why you must get a flu shot every year
61
An example of a vestigial structure is I) the tailbone in humans. II) the small hip bones in whales. III) the eyes of a cave-dwelling fish. IV) human fingers.
l, ll and lll
62
Darwin's theory of natural selection was based on which of the following observations? I) Species tend to produce excessive numbers of offspring II) Heritable variation exists among individuals of a population III) There are enough resources in nature to support a larger population
l and ll
63
Members of one species cannot successfully interbreed and produce fertile offspring with members of other species. This idea is known as...
the biological species concept
64
Which is a barrier that can contribute to reproductive isolation? I) Behaviour II) Habitat III) Incompatible reproductive structures IV) Timing
l, ll, lll, lV
65
The evolution of the penguin's wing from a wing suited for flying to a "flipper-wing" used for swimming is an example of
adaptation of existing structures to new functions.
66
What provides the best explanation for why Australia has so many organisms unique to that continent?
continental drift
67
Scientists think that a meteor that fell in ____________________ may have led to the extinction of the dinosaurs.
yucatan peninsula
68
Homologous characteristics that unite organisms as a group are called
derived characters
69
The genetic fitness of an individual depends on its
environment
70
What is the process through which Homo sapiens and Homo neanderthalensis evolved from Homo heidelbergensis?
speciation
71
Sea urchins release their eggs and sperm into the surrounding water. The gametes of purple sea urchins and red sea urchins are unable to fuse because they have different proteins on their egg surfaces and sperm from the other species cannot bind to them. Which type of reproductive barrier is this?
gametic isolation
72
Fossils found in stromatolites, and the stromatolites themselves, indicate that life on Earth began at least
3.5 billion years ago
73
Where did the oxygen on Earth come from, allowing for the evolution of early eukaryotic cells with mitochondria?
photosynthesizing organisms
74
Which time period was the longest duration and resulted in the appearance of the first algae and invertebrates in the fossil record?
precambrian
75
The mass extinction that included the loss of the dinosaurs is thought to have been caused by a large asteroid impact. The extinction that followed took place during which period?
The end of the Cretaceous, 65 million years ago.
76
The development of the complex, camera-like eye of the squid, as shown here in this diagram, is an example of a) adaptation of existing structures to new functions. b) refinement of existing adaptations.
b) refinement of existing adaptations. Small changes in the eyes of mollusks, from the limpet through to the squid, illustrate the concept of refinement of existing adaptations. Small changes over long periods of time such as this are often referred to as examples of cumulative selection.
77
Hare A has large ears to help cool its body and brown fur to blend in with its environment where as hare B has small ears to conserve heat and white fur to blend in with its environment. Charles Darwin would have called this comparison evidence for
descent with modification
78
If a predator entered a beetle habitat and began to feed exclusively on red beetles, the allele frequencies in the beetle population might change. This process would be an example of
microevolution Changes to the allele frequency due to predator feeding habits are an example of evolution occurring at the smallest scale, also known as microevolution.
79
The ideas of Charles Lyell and other geologists of the time suggested that
Earth was much older than first thought Lyell expanded on Hutton's idea that geological features were the result of changes over a long period of time, and therefore Earth was much older than first thought.
80
Daphne and Peter Grant have been studying the Galápagos finches for the past 30 years. The Grant's research on finch beaks on the Galápagos Islands has shown that
natural selection can be measured in a human lifetime
81
inbreeding in small populations can lead to: a) heterozygosity b) increased fitness c) homozygosity d) mutations
c) homozygosity
82
The quarter horse stallion Impressive passed on his strong, muscular phenotype to his offspring; unfortunately, he also passed on the disorder HYPP. This is an example of...
artificial selection
83
_____________ refers to any random changes in allele frequencies in a population
genetic drift
84
What is industrial melanism?
evolutionary effect, where an animal's colour changes in response to an environmental effect caused by pollution
85
On his 5 year voyage aboard the HMS Beagle, which of the following did Darwin not do? a) examine fossils b) develop his theory of natural selection c) observe an earthquake d) collect specimens
b) develop his theory of natural selection
86
After Darwin's research, society's worldview changed in that: a) uniformitarianism is probable b) species are fixed and immutable c) the Earth is considered young
a) uniformitarianism is probable
87
An example of a vestigial structure is I) the tailbone in humans. II) the small hip bones in whales. III) the eyes of a cave-dwelling fish. IV) human fingers.
l, ll, lll
88
Darwin's theory of natural selection was based on which of the following observations? I) Species tend to produce excessive numbers of offspring II) Heritable variation exists among individuals of a population III) There are enough resources in nature to support a larger population
l and ll
89
Which of the following statements regarding genes in a population is true? The exchange of genes with another population is called genetic drift. A change in the gene pool due to chance is called gene flow. Larger populations are impacted by genetic drift more than smaller ones. Populations rarely remain in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for long in nature.
Populations rarely remain in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for long in nature.
90
The origin of new species, the extinction of species, and the evolution of major new features of living things are all changes that result from
macroevolution
91
Which is a barrier that can contribute to reproductive isolation? I) Behaviour II) Habitat III) Incompatible reproductive structures IV) Timing
all
92
What provides the best explanation for why Australia has so many organisms unique to that continent?
continental drift
93
The evolution of the penguin's wing from a wing suited for flying to a "flipper-wing" used for swimming is an example of adaptation of existing structures to new functions. reproductive isolation. refinement of existing adaptations. inheritance of acquired characteristics.
adaptation of existing structures to new functions.
94
Homologous characteristics that unite organisms as a group are called
derived characteristics
95
What is the process through which Homo sapiens and Homo neanderthalensis evolved from Homo heidelbergensis?
speciation
96
what are stromatolites
Layered rocks formed when prokaryotes bind layers of sediment together
97
Where did the oxygen on Earth come from, allowing for the evolution of early eukaryotic cells with mitochondria?
photosynthesizing organisms
98
Which time period was the longest duration and resulted in the appearance of the first algae and invertebrates in the fossil record?
precambrian
99
The mass extinction that included the loss of the dinosaurs is thought to have been caused by a large asteroid impact such as this one. The extinction that followed took place during which period?
The end of the Cretaceous, 65 million years ago.
100
Unrelated species from similar environments, such as these three unrelated flightless birds, may have adaptations that seem very similar due to a process called
convergent evolution
101
Hare A has large ears to help cool its body and brown fur to blend in with its environment whereas hare B has small ears to conserve heat and white fur to blend in with its environment. Charles Darwin would have called this comparison evidence for
descent with modification
102
This is a beetle population. The alleles for body colour are shown for each beetle. If a predator entered this habitat and began to feed exclusively on red beetles, the allele frequencies in the beetle population might change. This process would be an example of
microevolution
103
Daphne and Peter Grant have been studying the Galápagos finches for the past 30 years. The Grant's research on finch beaks on the Galápagos Islands has shown that
Natural selection can be measured in a lifetime

Biology 11 (58 decks)

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