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Biology 11 > 3.1 Exploring Plant Diversity > Flashcards

3.1 Exploring Plant Diversity Flashcards

1
Q

importance of plants

A

-Form the base of almost all food chains
-Provide food, fuel and fibre
-Found within medicines (e.g. Aspirin)
-Release O2
-Cycle nutrients
-Clean air, purify water, absorb carbon and detoxify soil
-Some can clean up pollution that seeps into the environment

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2
Q

what are 3 characteristics that all plants share?

A

-eukaryotic
-cell walls contain cellulose
-carry out photosynthesis

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3
Q

evolution of plants

A

Transformed from aquatic, algae-like plants by evolving:
-Formation of an embryo
-Ability to stand upright and grow
-Vascular tissues to transport nutrients, water, and waste
-Strategies to reduce water loss
-Strategies to disperse reproductive structures without water current

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4
Q

Fossil and biochemical evidence indicate;
______________ are the oldest group of plants
__________ the youngest

A

green algae; flowering plants

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5
Q

oldest evolved plants to newest evolved plants

A

green algae
mosses & relatives
ferns & relatives
cone-bearing plants
flowering plants

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6
Q

vascular plants - sexual reproduction

A

-spores
-seeds not enclosed in fruit (gymnosperms)
-seeds enclosed in fruit (angiosperms)

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7
Q

alternation of generations

A

-most plants have a life cycle that alternates
between diploid and haploid forms

Diploid = 2 sets of chromosomes
Haploid = 1 set of chromosomes

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8
Q

____________________________ produces egg and sperm cells called gametes

A

Haploid generation (gametophyte)

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9
Q

______________________ produces spores

A

Diploid generation (sporophyte)

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10
Q

Conifers

A

-Conifers also go through alternation of generations
-They have two separate cones, male and female, that are the gametophytes
-Zygote produces a seed
-Sporophyte is dominant

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11
Q

spores

A

-haploid but they can develop into a new organism
-can develop tough coats that enable them to persist in unfavourable conditions

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12
Q

gametes

A

are haploid so they must fuse with another gamete to form a zygote (that is now diploid)

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13
Q

true or false: Sporophytes are usually the dominant generation (*except for mosses)

A

true

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14
Q

major groups of plants

A

5 groups:
Green algae
Mosses
Ferns
Seed plants
Flowering plants

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15
Q

green algae is found in _________ around edges of __________

A

shallow freshwater; ponds and lakes

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16
Q

green algae have

A

cell walls and photosynthetic pigments

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17
Q

green algae are modern relatives of ______

A

plant ancestors

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18
Q

true or false: algae undergo alternation of generations

A

false

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19
Q

mosses

A

seedless non-vascular plants

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20
Q

mosses are the first to branch off from ___________

A

aquatic ancestors

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21
Q

true or false: mosses don’t have seeds, stems, or rigid support structures

A

true

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22
Q

because mosses are non-vascular, they are ____

A

short

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23
Q

in mosses, _______ are the dominant generation, called ________

A

gametophytes; bryophytes

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24
Q

true or false: in mosses, sperm and eggs are produced in the same structure

A

false… separate structures

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25
Q

in mosses, how do sperm get to eggs?

A

they’re flagellated and must swim through water to meet eggs

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26
Q

ferns

A

seedless vascular plants

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27
Q

ferns have vascular tissue, therefore they are _____

A

taller

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28
Q

what is the dominant generation in ferns?

A

sporophyte

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29
Q

what is the gametophyte called in ferns?

A

prothallus

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30
Q

gametophyte in ferns has ________________ structures

A

sperm and egg producing structures

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31
Q

true or false: in ferns, sperm are flagellated

A

true

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32
Q

where are spores found in ferns?

A

on the underside of the sporophyte leaf

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33
Q

seed plants

A

gymnosperms

34
Q

gymnosperms are ______ and contain ___________

A

vascular; “naked” seeds

35
Q

true or false: gymnosperms are protected in an ovary

A

false

36
Q

examples of gymnosperms (seed plants)

A

Ex. Pine, spruce, fir, cedar

37
Q

seeds

A

plant embryos packaged in a protective coat with a food supply

38
Q

tree

A

Highly developed diploid sporophyte

39
Q

in gymnosperms, where do gametophytes live

A

Gametophytes live in the cones on the sporophyte

40
Q

pollen

A

small male gametophytes (which don’t require water to move)

41
Q

which group was the first to have seeds

A

gymnosperms

42
Q

flowering plants

A

angiosperms

43
Q

“Enclosed seed” =

A

inside an ovary

44
Q

what was the last group to evolve

A

angiosperms

45
Q

what does flowering plants coincide with in terms of evolution?

A

Coincides with rise in mammals in animal kingdom

46
Q

what are the reproductive structures in angiosperms?

A

flowers

47
Q

why are angiosperms the most effective?

A

Most effective, use animals to transport

48
Q

how did flowers evolve?

A

Flowers evolved as a mechanism to hold the gametophytes, and protect and disperse the seed (via fruit)

49
Q

Flowers are designed to _______ animals/insects to ______ and _______ seeds

A

attract; pollinate; disperse

50
Q

Change in plant growth and rainforest destruction can affect …

A

precipitation, weather patterns, and microclimates

51
Q

plants and rainforests can eventually repair themselves (to an extent) IF …

A

negative human impacts cease

52
Q

What differentiates a plant from the species of
other kingdoms?

A
  • Plants are eukaryotic.
  • Plants have cell walls that contain the carbohydrate cellulose.
  • Plants carry out photosynthesis, using the pigment chlorophyll to transform sunlight into chemical energy
53
Q

A plant lives in two environments:

A

air and soil

54
Q

what do plants use to transform sunlight into chemical energy for photosynthesis

A

chlorophyll

55
Q

What group of algae is most closely related
to plants?

A

green algae

56
Q

evolution of plants diagram

A

-plant ancestor

Green Algae

-embryo formation

Mosses and Relatives

-true water-conducting tissues

Ferns and Relatives

-seeds

Cone Bearing Plants

-flowers: seeds enclosed in fruit

Flowering Plants

57
Q

Why must a bryophyte have open water to be
successful?

A

The bryophytes do not have any rigid support structures, such as lignin-reinforced cell walls or vascular tissues, that allow most modern terrestrial plants to stand tall and transport water great distances upward against the force of gravity to leaves and shoots

this is why they need to be close to the ground near water to be successful and survive

58
Q

what is lignin?

A

a chemical that hardens cell walls, allowing them to
stand upright

59
Q

which group of plants represent these today:

Primitive plants lacking leaves, stems, seeds, or
any rigid tissue evolve from algal ancestors and begin to colonize areas where water and land meet

A

mosses

60
Q

which group of plants represent these today:

Plants begin to develop lignin, a chemical that hardens cell walls, allowing them to stand upright, and vascular tissues to transport water and nutrients. This allows plants to move farther away from water bodies

A

ferns

61
Q

which group of plants represent these today:

The development of seeds, plant embryos encased
in a protective covering along with a food supply, helps plants spread to diverse terrestrial habitats by allowing plant embryos to be dispersed without
drying out.

A

seed plants (gymnosperms)

62
Q

which group of plants represent these today:

The final major period of plant evolution begins with the appearance of flowering plants. Flowers are a reproductive structure that attracts animals to help spread plants’ seeds farther afield

A

flowering plants (angiosperms)

63
Q

What is the function of the vascular tissue
in plants?

A

transport water and nutrients, allows plants to be taller

64
Q

Vascularization

A

Vascularization, the formation of tubes to carry fluid throughout an organism, was the next step in plants’ invasion of land, allowing plants to reach greater heights by connecting above-ground
shoots and underground roots

65
Q

What resources are necessary for a plant
to grow?

A

sun, water, height (capture more sunlight=more successful)

66
Q

Today, biologists divide seedless vascular plants into three phyla:

A

ferns, club mosses, and horsetails

67
Q

Why are plants considered the foundation of
most ecosystems?

A

Plants form the critical base of food chains in nearly all ecosystems. Through photosynthesis, plants harvest the energy of the sun, providing both food and habitat for other organisms.

68
Q

Why are green algae but not brown algae
considered part of the plant kingdom?

A

green algae have cell walls and photosynthetic pigments identical to plants and brown algae do not

69
Q

Which group of plants appears to be the most
successful? Justify your answer

A

angiosperms because their seeds are protected in ovaries (flowers) and their seeds (ovary develops into fruit) get dispersed by other animals

70
Q

Most plants have roots, but mosses do not.
Name and describe the function of the
underground growth in mosses

A
71
Q

Why can ferns grow several metres tall but
mosses cannot?

A

because of vascularization and mosses don’t have it

Vascularization, the formation of tubes to carry fluid throughout an organism, was the next step in plants’ invasion of land, allowing plants to reach greater heights by connecting above-ground
shoots and underground roots

72
Q

List two key adaptations that distinguish
angiosperms from earlier plants

A

seeds enclosed in an ovary (flower)

ripened ovary of a flower used for seed dispersal (fruit)

73
Q

Alternation of generations is a key
characteristic common to most plants. Which
group of plants does not exhibit this life cycle?

A

green algae

74
Q

Describe the process of alternation of
generations.

A

spores(n) –> gametophyte plant(n) –> sperm(n) + eggs(n) –> fertilizaton –> sporophyte plant(2n)

n - haploid
2n- diploid

75
Q

Describe the trend in gametophyte size as
plants become more removed from water

A

get smaller

76
Q

Suppose you were given a plant that is haploid,
small, and has flagellated sperm. What type of
plant would it be? Explain how you came to
this conclusion

A

fern gametophyte because mosses and ferns both have flagellated sperm but because ferns evolved later than mosses, their gametophytes are smaller

77
Q

Why is the gymnosperm seed a less successful
reproductive strategy than the angiosperm seed?

A

because on days when there’s no wind, the seeds don’t get dispersed but for angiosperms, the seeds are in fruit and they attract animals that disperse them

78
Q

Why is the dispersal of the seed a key factor in
the success of angiosperms?

A

attracts animals that disperse the seed for it

79
Q

Suppose a bacterium that targets the
production of lignin tissue were to infect all
plants. How might this affect the evolution
of future plants?

A

lignin is a chemical that hardens cell walls, allowing them to stand upright

-without lignin, none of the plants would be tall or able to stand on their own, and would affect plant growth and development, which could lead to a decrease in plants

80
Q

Describe how deforestation can contribute to
climate change

A

-rainforests get their name from all the
water vapour in the air around them.
-much of this water vapour becomes
precipitation.
-thus, changes in plant growth and destruction of rainforests can alter precipitation and weather patterns.

Biology 11 (58 decks)

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