Internal Systems Unit Review Flashcards by Nadia Taheri

Which of these diseases may be controlled, or even prevented, by adopting a healthy diet?
I) Diabetes Type II
II) Atherosclerosis
III) Aneurysm
IV) Emphysema

l and ll

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What is not considered to be a macronutrient?

Fats

Water

Protein

Vitamins

vitamins

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Which molecule is dissolved in your blood and provides energy directly to your body’s cells?

Starch

Amylase

Glucose

Glycogen

glucose

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Diabetes is a group of diseases that result in too much _____ in the blood.

glucose

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Which of these products is a good source of protein?
I) Omega-3 fish oil
II) Eggs
III) Hummus (chickpeas and sesame seed paste)
IV) Broccoli

ll and lll

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Which nutrient provides the most fuel per gram in the body?

fats

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Smoking, or a diet high in fats, can contribute to an increase in blood pressure by causing _____.

veins to collapse

the heart to beat slower

arteries to become less elastic

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What can lead to an increase in blood pressure?
I) Smoking
II) Untreated diabetes
III) High LDL cholesterol level
IV) Overweight

all

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Which are functions of saliva?
I) Digest starches
II) Help fight infection
III) Neutralize acidic food
IV) Moisten food

all

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Which structure of the digestive system is shared with the respiratory system?

pharynx

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Which digestive organ, when not functioning properly, can result in heart disease?

Liver

Pancreas

Duodenum

Gall bladder

pancreas

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Diabetes is a disease in which there is excessive sugar in the blood but cells cannot access it. A problem with which of the following processes causes this disease?

Secretion of a hormone

Metabolism of fats

Production of an enzyme

Digestion of carbohydrates

Secretion of a hormone

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Diabetes is a disease in which there is excessive sugar in the blood but cells in tissues cannot access it. What is a common symptom of this disease?

Constipation

Problems breathing

Weight gain

Lethargy

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Which statement about the colon is false?

Dietary fibre can help keep the colon healthy

Water used in digestion is absorbed in the colon

Bacteria in the colon can produce vitamins

The colon is the longest section of the alimentary canal

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Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder of the small intestine in which wheat protein causes an inflammatory reaction in the lining of the small intestine. The villi are damaged and shortened. What is most likely to be a symptom of this disease?

Stomach ulcer

Dry mouth

Malnutrition

Constipation

Malnutrition

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What is the role of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?

To break down starches and kill bacteria

To break apart food cells and kill bacteria

To break large proteins into smaller peptides

To help prepare fats for hydrolysis

To break apart food cells and kill bacteria

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protease enzyme

breaks bonds

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What cell type makes up the innermost layer of an artery?

epithelial

Where does nutrient-rich blood from the small intestine go once it is absorbed into capillaries in the villi?

Pulmonary circuit

Lymphatic system

Heart

Liver

liver

Which factors increase the efficiency of our cardiovascular system?

I) Blood in vessels can be transported quickly under high pressure
II) The long length of major arteries increases the efficiency of gas diffusion
III) Nutrients and gases are transported by both the blood vessels and lymph vessels, maximizing volume
IV) Hemoglobin in blood increases the diffusion gradient of oxygen

I and IV

Our cardiovascular system contains a network of about _____ of vessels.

100, 000 km

Plasma
I) transports carbon dioxide.
II) is about 40% water.
III) contains white blood cells.
IV) is the same as lymph.

transports CO2

What does the brain sense when there is too much carbon dioxide in the blood?

It senses a drop in pH caused by carbonic acid dissolved in the plasma.

When cilia lining the respiratory system become damaged from smoking, what respiratory disorder is most likely to develop?

Cystic fibrosis

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)

Pneumonia

Emphysema

emphysema

In which type of pressure (systolic vs. diastolic) is arterial blood pressure being measured?

diastolic

The appendix, a small pouch-like structure in the colon, is a part of which organ system?

immune

In this diagnostic procedure, a thin, lighted tube with an attached camera is inserted through the rectum so that the intestine can be visually inspected. What is this procedure called?

colonoscopy

What is not present in the open circulatory system of this grasshopper? Vessels Capillaries Heart Blood

capillaries

Bone marrow is essential to the cardiovascular system because it produces I) red blood cells. II) white blood cells. III) lymph. IV) plasma.

l and ll

____ are cell fragments that release clotting factors where a blood vessel is damaged.

platelets

(a) Name three categories of fats. (b) Explain the difference between them. k

trans fats: worst type of fat to eat. Unlike other dietary fats, trans fats raise "bad" cholesterol and also lowers "good" cholesterol saturated fats: a type of dietary fat. It is one of the unhealthy fats, along with trans fat. These fats are most often solid at room temperature unsaturated fats: liquid at room temperature, are considered beneficial fats because they can improve blood cholesterol levels, ease inflammation, stabilize heart rhythms, and play a number of other beneficial roles.

Describe the relationship between protein and amino acids

protein is a macromolecule and amino acids are the monomers -amino acids make up protein and protein breaks down into amino acids

Why must your diet include essential amino acids?

-your cells can't make it from other molecules -if you lack even one of them, you can't make protein properly

where does saturated fat get its name from?

-Some fats have only single bonds between carbon atoms in the fatty acids. -Each of these carbon atoms has the maximum number of hydrogen atoms, so the fat is called “saturated.”

Explain why it is dangerous to ingest high quantities of fat-soluble vitamins

High intake of fat-soluble or water-soluble vitamins can lead to accumulation of vitamins in body tissues and fluids that cause toxicity and hypervitaminosis

What is a calorie?

A calorie is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C

Which nutrient should make up half or more of your daily intake of nutrients?

carbohydrates

What term describes a substance that is purified from foods and taken like a medicine?

nutraceutical

What term describes a food that has health benefits beyond the normal nutritional benefit of the food?

functional food

What is the difference between a digestive sac and an alimentary canal?

a digestive sac processes nutrients, and food enters and wastes exit through the same opening

Why would a herbivore have a longer alimentary canal than a carnivore?

The length of an animal’s alimentary canal is often correlated with diet. In general, herbivores and omnivores have longer alimentary canals, relative to their body size, than carnivores. Vegetation is more difficult to digest than meat because it contains cell walls.

Explain how the structures of the mouth prepare the food for processing in the rest of the digestive system

Your mouth functions both in ingestion and in the beginning of digestion. -your teeth and tongue work together to accomplish mechanical digestion -this makes the food easier to swallow and exposes more surface area so that chemical digestion can occur more easily -as your teeth cut and grind the food, your salivary glands secrete saliva. -saliva is a watery liquid that contains digestive enzymes, mucus, and other chemicals to help chemically digest your food -saliva contains mucus, a sticky substance that coats and lubricates the food so that it can slide down the tube without harming the tissues that line the tube

(a) Define the term “peristalsis.” (b) Explain the function of peristalsis in digestion.

peristalsis is when food is pushed through the esophagus by a series of muscle contractions -during peristalsis the muscles contract in a wave-like motion that forces the bolus of food toward the stomach

Explain how the structure of the stomach enables both mechanical and chemical digestion

Pits in the lining of the stomach secrete gastric juice(mixture of hydrochloric acid, enzymes, and mucus) which breaks apart cells in food and kills bacteria The churning action of muscles in the stomach wall mixes contents in the stomach -This form of mechanical digestion turns the bolus into an acidic, nutrient-rich liquid called chyme