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Biology 11 > 12.2 Promoting a Healthy Respiratory, Circulatory, and Digestive System > Flashcards

12.2 Promoting a Healthy Respiratory, Circulatory, and Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

True or False: SARS is a disease of the respiratory system

A

true

-Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

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2
Q

True or false: Emphysema is a disease of the circulatory system

A

false

-respiratory system

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3
Q

sinusitis

A

Definition: Swelling and inflammation of the sinuses due to infection

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4
Q

sinusitis cause

A

Cause: Viruses and bacteria that pass through the lining of the nose

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5
Q

sinusitis associated with:

A

Associated with:
Runny nose
Pain around cheekbones and eyes

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6
Q

You are more susceptible to sinusitis if you are:

A

Sleep deprived
Stressed
Not eating properly

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7
Q

treatment of sinusitis

A

Treatment: antibiotics (in the case of a bacterial
infection)

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8
Q

influenza/flu

A

Definition: A viral infection of the upper respiratory system

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9
Q

cause of influenza/flu

A

Cause: influenza virus
-spread by contaminated objects and airborne droplets (ex. sneezes)

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10
Q

what can influenza/flu lead to?

A

pneumonia

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11
Q

pneumonia

A

Definition: A serious infection of the lungs whereby the alveoli of the lungs fill with fluid, preventing oxygen transfer from air to the blood.

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12
Q

causes of pneumonia

A

Cause: viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites

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13
Q

pneumonia is common in:

A

Common in:
Elderly
Infants

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14
Q

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

A

Definition: A contagious respiratory disease that is a severe type of pneumonia

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15
Q

cause of SARS

A

Cause: a coronavirus (spread through coughing and sneezing)

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16
Q

true or false: SARS is a severe type of pneumonia

A

true

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17
Q

results of SARS

A

Results:
Inflammation
Fever
Coughing
Difficulty breathing
Death (in some cases)

(Same as, but WORSE than regular pneumonia)

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18
Q

true or false: SARS is no longer found in the human population

A

true

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19
Q

pneumonia vs sars

A

Pneumonia:
-can be caused by an number of viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites that infect the lungs
-symptoms are not as severe
-still exists (several cases exist globally)

SARS:
-caused by a specific virus 🡪 coronavirus
-symptoms are more severe
-no longer exists among the human population

Both:
DEFINITION: When alveoli of the lungs fill with fluid, preventing oxygen transfer due to infection
-same symptoms
-can be fatal

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20
Q

asthma

A

Definition: Narrowing of smooth muscles surrounding the bronchi and bronchioles of the respiratory system.

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21
Q

asthma causes

A

Causes: Combination of ones’ genetics and environment

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22
Q

asthma results

A

Results: breathing difficulties (can be life threatening)

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23
Q

triggers of asthma

A

Triggers:
Airborne pollutants
Cold air
Cigarette smoke

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24
Q

treatment of asthma

A

Treatment: Puffers
Administers a regulated amount of a bronchodilator, which dilates/expands the airways

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25
Q

bronchitis

A

Definition: When the airways connecting the alveoli and trachea (bronchi & bronchioles) become irritated or infected.

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26
Q

causes of bronchitis

A

Causes: Viruses, cigarette smoke and other pollutants

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27
Q

result of bronchitis

A

Result:
Swelling
Mucus
Coughing
Difficulty breathing
Heart works harder to deliver oxygen throughout the body

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28
Q

true or false: bronchitis only lasts for several days to a week

A

false

Can last for months or even years

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29
Q

asthma vs. bronchitis

A

Asthma:
-narrowing of smooth muscles in airways
-unsure of causes 🡪 could be due to a combination of genetics and environment

Bronchitis:
-irritation or infection of the airways
-can also be caused by viruses
-mucus is produced

Both:
-both occur in the bronchi and bronchioles
-triggered or caused by pollutants (Ex. cigarette smoke)
-breathing difficulties from restricted airways

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30
Q

Emphysema

A

Definition: Damage to the lining of cilia and elastin in the airways

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31
Q

what is elastin?

A

Elastin is a structural component that keeps your airways open

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32
Q

causes of emphysema

A

Causes: Smoking and occupational hazards (Ex. coal mines)

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33
Q

results of emphysema

A

Result:
-bronchioles become clogged
-increases air pressure 🡪 tears in alveoli walls 🡪 oxygen deprivation in some cells 🡪 increases breath rate and increases heart rate

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34
Q

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

A

Definition: The result of bronchitis and emphysema occurring together

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35
Q

result of COPD

A

Result: If untreated COPD can lead to respiratory failure

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36
Q

treatment of COPD

A

Treatments:
Oxygen tanks
Bronchodilators

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37
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A

Definition: A fatal genetic disease that results in extremely thick mucus to block the airways

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38
Q

results of cystic fibrosis

A

Results:
The excess mucus traps bacteria in the lungs leading to infection, which damages lung tissue
Sinusitis, pneumonia, bronchitis
Breathing difficulty (mucus is hard to dislodge)

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39
Q

treatment of cystic fibrosis

A

Treatment:
Physical therapy
Currently there is no cure

40
Q

lung cancer

A

Definition: Abnormal behavior of cells in the lungs by fast growth and grouping to form tumours.

41
Q

results of lung cancer

A

Results:
Frequent infection
Chronic coughs
Difficulty breathing

42
Q

In pneumonia, the ______ in the lungs fill with fluid, which prevents _____ from reaching the blood

A

alveoli; oxygen

43
Q

treatment of lung cancer

A

Treatment:
Surgery
Medications (chemotherapy)
Radiation

44
Q

what is the main cause of lung cancer?

A

85% of cases are the result of smoking

45
Q

respirometer

A

Measures the rate of respiration of an individual by measuring the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs

46
Q

endoscope

A

A scope inserted into the throat and down the trachea or esophagus to examine internal structures

47
Q

Ultrasound, X-ray, MRI and CT scan

A

Used to image the interior of the body (organs, bones, brain activity)

48
Q

lasers

A

Destroys obstructions

49
Q

Fluorescent Dyes

A

Help in viewing cells of interest under a microscope

50
Q

true or false: transplants are a technology used to diagnose and treat respiratory disorders

A

true

51
Q

tuberculosis

A

A bacterial infection of the lungs

52
Q

Bacteria in the lungs can then _____________________________ into the blood stream, which transports it to other tissues

A

diffuse across respiratory membranes of the alveoli

53
Q

Smoke is composed of ______________ which are layered with _________________

A

carbon molecules; toxic chemicals

54
Q

what irritates the cellular lining of the bronchi and destroys cilia (i.e. emphysema)

A

smoking

55
Q

smoking makes users more susceptible to_______________________ 🡪 greater chance of ________

A

air pollution and airborne bacteria; disease

56
Q

how can smoking affect pregnancies?

A

Children can be born with: asthma, allergies, etc.

57
Q

what can smoking increase in your body?

A

blood pressure, cholesterol

58
Q

how can smoking lead to a heart attack?

A

Heart works harder to deliver oxygen 🡪 higher risk of heart attack in users

59
Q

Toxins from 2nd hand smoke can be in even greater _________

A

concentrations

60
Q

Risk of disease returns to normal after _____ years of not smoking

A

10-15

61
Q

diabetes

A

Definition: A group of diseases in which high levels of glucose result from a problem with insulin secretion, action, or both.

62
Q

insulin

A

Insulin: a hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates glucose levels in the blood

63
Q

true or false: insulin was discovered by 2 scientists Frederick Banting and Charles Best

A

true

64
Q

result of diabetes

A

Result: If insulin is not present glucose can build in the blood and cannot be utilized by cells for energy (ATP) production.

65
Q

two types of diabetes

A

2 Types:
Type 1 Diabetes
Type 2 Diabetes

66
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

Cells of the pancreas are damaged
Inefficient insulin production

67
Q

cause of type 1 diabetes

A

Cause: Not fully understood
Several genes are associated with it
It is thought that the cellular environment plays a role in the disease

68
Q

Type 1 diabetes cannot be ________, but its effects can be ________

A

prevented; controlled

69
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

When the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or when body cells do not respond to insulin appropriately

70
Q

causes of type 2 diabetes

A

Causes: Obesity or sedentary lifestyles

71
Q

which of the 2 types of diabetes is more common?

A

type 2 diabetes

72
Q

Health Canada recommends that to limit your risk of diabetes you should:

A

Avoiding smoking and second hand smoke
Achieve and maintain a health body weight
Engage in physical activity
Limit intake of fats and sugars
Eat regular, balanced and healthy meals

73
Q

treatment of diabetes

A

-Measurements of blood sugar and daily insulin injections
-Regulation of activities
-Timing and planning of meals

74
Q

Researchers are focused on how to acquire and release ________ appropriately.

A

insulin

75
Q

how has genetic research helped diabetes?

A

Genetic research has allowed for doctors to identify the genes associated with diabetes

76
Q

genetic research helps in personalization of ______
and allows the application of: ___ & _____

A

medication; gene therapy and CRISPR

77
Q

What are three ways in which exercise helps
improve your respiratory system?

A

-helps to strengthen all the muscles of your
body, including your heart and your diaphragm

-vigorous activities such as swimming and skiing increase your lung capacity and help your body
to use oxygen more effectively

78
Q

What are two common viral infections of the
upper respiratory system?

A

influenza and pneumonia

79
Q

What causes the common cold?

A

The flu is spread by airborne droplets (sneezes) and contact with contaminated objects

80
Q

What is sinusitis?

A

a condition caused by viruses or bacteria in which the sinuses become swollen and irritated

81
Q

What are five factors that can increase your
chance of catching a cold or sinusitis?

A

-dry air
-lack of sleep
-allergies
-stress
-second-hand smoke
-not eating properly

these all lower your resistance to being infected with a cold and sinusitis.

82
Q

How are the alveoli affected in pneumonia?

A

In pneumonia, the alveoli in the lungs fill with fluid, which prevents oxygen from reaching the blood.

83
Q

Explain why individuals with asthma may
need to use puffers in order to breathe
effectively

A

A puffer administers a regulated amount of a drug called a bronchodilator that causes the narrowed airways to expand.

This helps individuals with asthma because their airways become narrowed

84
Q

What happens in the condition called
bronchitis?

A

When the bronchioles or the airways that connect the alveoli and the trachea become irritated or infected, they swell and produce excess
mucus

85
Q

Why does a person with bronchitis need to
cough frequently?

A

The excess mucus causes frequent
coughing and difficulty breathing

86
Q

In the photograph below, the lung on
the right is the normal size. The lung
on the left is enlarged. What disease is
this patient likely suffering from?

A

Emphysema (over-inflated lungs)

87
Q

SARS has now been fully contained. Does that
mean that the disease is finished? Explain why
or why not

A

no, because the disease may still be present in animal populations and so could return to
the human population in the future.

88
Q

What are three ways of treating lung cancer?

A

surgery, drugs, radiation

89
Q

Explain two different technologies that can be
used in the diagnosis of a respiratory disease.

A

Lasers can be used during surgery to destroy obstructions.

A lung transplant may be considered when other
treatment options have failed. Where damage to lungs is severe, as in the case of cystic fibrosis, a double lung transplant may be recommended.

90
Q

How does smoking disable the normal
cleaning and protective processes of the
respiratory system?

A

The toxic substances in tobacco smoke irritate the cells lining the bronchi and destroy the cilia.

Without cilia, these cells lose the ability to move particles out of the respiratory system

91
Q

(a) What is insulin?

A

Insulin is a chemical produced by the pancreas that controls the level of blood glucose

92
Q

(b) What is insulin’s role in the body?

A

If insulin is not present or not functioning correctly, glucose builds up in the blood and cannot be used by cells for energy

93
Q

Explain three ways by which diabetics
maintain appropriate levels of blood sugar

A

Physical activity, nutrition, and emotional state can all affect the levels of blood sugar, and so insulin must be administered accurately

94
Q

What are some ways to reduce your risk of
Type 2 diabetes?

A

exercise and eat healthy

95
Q

Explain why physical exercise is both a form
of treatment and means of prevention for
Type 2 diabetes

A

type 2 diabetes is caused by living a lazy lifestyle (getting no exercise and eating unhealthy)

-by exercising it helps get rid of it and prevents it at the same time

96
Q

how do smokers have a higher rate of heart attack and stroke than non-smokers?

A

-smoking raises blood pressure, and increases cholesterol levels in the blood
-the damage from smoking to the respiratory system requires the heart to work harder to deliver enough oxygen to the cells

Biology 11 (58 decks)

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