3. Permanent, long-term and short-term acting factors on the biological variation of the results – examples

Question 1

What Kind of Factors are the Biological Factors Influencing Laboratory Results?

Answer 1

1. Permanent Factors
2. Long-Term Factors
3. Short-Term Factors

Question 2

1| What are the Permanent Factors?

Answer 2

a. Age
b. Sex
c. Race

Question 3

1a| What does Age Influence?

Answer 3

ALL Clinical-Chemical Parameters

Question 4

1a| What are the Divisions of the Age Periods?

Answer 4

Foetal TO Extrauterine Life = In Newborn

Growth + Maturation = In Puberty

End of Reproductive Period = In Women

Period of Involution + Old Age = In Elderly

Question 5

1b| What does Sex Influence?

Answer 5

Serum Levels of Hormones

Haemoglobin

N.O of RBCs

Haematocrit

N.O of Leucocytes, in Urine

Level of Cholesterol

Levels of LAT, ASAT, GGT, CPK, Creatinine + Uric Acid

Question 6

1b| Which Sex has HIGHER Levels of Leucocytes in Urine?

Answer 6

Women have HIGHER Levels

THAN Men

Question 7

1b| Which Sex has LOWER Levels of Cholesterol?

Answer 7

Women, in Reproductive Period

THAN Men

Question 8

1b| Which Sex has LOWER Levels of LAT, ASAT, GGT, CPK, Creatinine + Uric Acid?

Answer 8

Women

Question 9

1c| What Contributes to Different Races?

and How?

Answer 9

Genetic Factors

Leading to Variety in Body mass + Constitution

Along with Religion, Social-Economical Status, Diet

Question 10

2| What are the Long-Term Factors?

Answer 10

a. Weight + Muscle Mass
b. Lifestyle
c. Pregnancy
d. Diet
e. Environmental Factors = Climate + Seasons

Question 11

2a| What does Weight and Muscle Mass Correlate with?

Answer 11

POSITIVE +ve Correlation

With Serum Concentrations

• Uric Acid
• Cholesterol + TAGs
• Creatinine
• Total Protein
• Postprandial Glucose
• Insulin
• LDH

Question 12

2b| When does Lifestyle have a HIGHER Influence?

Answer 12

In Developing Countries

Irrational Feeding + Malnutrition; Frequency of Infections + Parasitic Diseases

Are in CLOSE Relation with Social-Economical Status

Question 13

2c| What Levels does Pregnancy INCREASE?

Answer 13

ELEVATED Alkaline Phosphatase

INCREASED N.O of Leucocytes, Cholesterol, TAGs + a-1-Fetoprotein

Question 14

2c| What Levels does Pregnancy DECREASE?

Answer 14

DECREASED Haematocrit

DECREASED Ca2+, Total Protein, Mg2+, Fe2+

Question 15

2c| What Other Serum Levels are Changed, Due to Pregnancy?

Answer 15

Progesterone

Estriol

Prolactin

Oxytocin

Question 16

2d| What does Diet Influence?

Answer 16

As Long-Term Factor = Vegetarian

As Short-Term Factor = Eating before the Investigation

Question 17

2d| What Levels does Diet INCREASE?

Answer 17

Glucose = After Eating

Triglycerides = Fatty Foods

Transferin, GGT , ASAT , ALAT + MCV = Chronic Alcoholism

GGT + ALAT = Consuming Alcohol one time

СЕА + CO-haemoglobin + ( Cholesterol + ANA)
= Tobacco Smokers

Question 18

2d| What Other Serum Levels are Changed, Due to Diet?

Answer 18

Urea + Uric Acid = From Protein

Question 19

2e| What does the Environment Influence?

Answer 19

Coagulation Factors

Haemoglobin

N.O of RBCs

Question 20

3| What are the Short-Term Factors?

Answer 20

Circadian Variations = Day / Night

Menstruation

Physical Activity

Stress

Improper Fasting

Position of the Body

Venous Stasis

Question 21

3| What Levels does Physical Inactivity DECREASE?

Answer 21

DECREASED Blood Volume

Question 22

3| What Levels does Physical Inactivity INCREASE?

Answer 22

ELEVATED Excretion in Urine, of

• Calcium
• Phosphorous
• Sodium
• Chloride

Question 23

3| What Levels does Stress INCREASE?

Answer 23

Adrenaline

Cortisol

Glycogenolysis

Question 24

3| What Else is Influenced, Due to Stress?

Answer 24

Parameters of Acid-Alkaline Balance

DUE to Hyperventilation

Question 25

Which are the biological factors with permanent activity of the variation of the results:

{MCQ | GoConqr}

Answer 25

Age

Question 26

When in healthy individuals there is a higher activity of MM-CK:

{MCQ | GoConqr}

Answer 26

Physical Activity

Question 27

İn what cases in healthy individuals the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is over 1000 U/I:

{MCQ | GoConqr}

Answer 27

Children